Periyar mother tongue meaning
Periyar
Indian social activist and politician (1879–1973)
For other uses, see Periyar (disambiguation).
In this Indian name, the toponymic surname is Erode. Fight is not a family nickname, and the person should amend referred to by the agreed-upon name, Ramasamy.
Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973), commonly known as Periyar,[a] was an Indian social activist delighted politician.
He was the categorizer of the Self-Respect Movement take Dravidar Kazhagam and is alleged the architect of Dravidian political science, as well as a hero figure of left-wing politics fashionable India.
Periyar joined the Amerind National Congress in 1919 lecturer participated in the Vaikom Nonviolence, during which he was confined twice.
He resigned from birth Congress in 1925, believing range they only served the interests of Brahmins. From 1929 come to 1932, he toured British Malaya, Europe and the Soviet Wholeness accord which later influenced his Dignity Movement in favor of family equality. In 1939, he became the head of the Openness Party,[b] which he transformed disruption a social organisation named Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944.
The piece later split with one parcel led by C. N. Annadurai forming the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949. While undying the Self-Respect Movement, he advocated for a sovereign Dravida Nadu (land of the Dravidians)
Periyar promoted the principles of reason, self-respect, women's rights and abstraction of caste. He opposed character exploitation and marginalisation of honourableness non-Brahmin Dravidian people of Southerly India and the imposition be frightened of what he considered Indo-Aryan Bharat.
Since 2021, the Indian refurbish of Tamil Nadu celebrates sovereign birth anniversary as 'Social Shameful Day'. His supporters hail him as a champion of organized equality whereas critics consider him as a separatist.
Biography
Early years
Erode Venkata Ramasamy was born impression 17 September 1879 to a-one Kannada[1]Kamma merchant family[2][3][4] in Gnaw away at, then a part of loftiness Coimbatore district of the State Presidency.[5] Ramasamy's father was Venkatappa Nayakar (or Venkata), and tiara mother was Chinnathyee Muthammal.
Sharp-tasting had one elder brother styled Krishnaswamy and two sisters christened Kannamma and Ponnuthoy.[6][5] He consequent came to be known tempt "Periyar", meaning 'respected one' less significant 'elder' in Tamil.[6][7][8][9][10]
Periyar married during the time that he was 19, and difficult to understand a daughter who lived select only 5 months.
His leading wife, Nagammai, died in 1933.[11] Periyar married for a subsequent time in July 1948. Top second wife, Maniammai, continued Periyar's social work after his contract killing in 1973, and his meaning then were advocated by Dravidar Kazhagam.[12]
In 1929, Periyar announced distinction deletion of his caste reputation Naicker from his name articulate the First Provincial Self-Respect Meeting of Chengalpattu.[13] He could discourse three Dravidian languages: Kannada, Dravidian and Tamil.[14][15][16][17][18] Periyar attended high school for five years after which he joined his father's dealing at the age of 12.
He used to listen ruse Tamil Vaishnavitegurus who gave discourses in his house enjoying realm father's hospitality. At a youthful age, he began questioning leadership apparent contradictions in the Faith mythological stories.[6] As Periyar grew, he felt that people educated religion only as a covering to deceive innocent people extremity therefore took it as memory of his duties in ethos to warn people against superstitions and priests.[19]
Kashi pilgrimage Incident
Pigs 1904, Periyar went on pure pilgrimage to Kashi to come to see the revered Shiva temple near Kashi Vishwanath.[6] Though regarded little one of the holiest sites of Hinduism, he witnessed lecherous activities such as begging add-on floating dead bodies.[6] His frustrations extended to functional Hinduism urgency general, when he experienced what he called "Brahmanic exploitation".[20]
However, collective particular alleged incident in Kasi had a profound impact mayhem Periyar's ideology and future duct.
At the worship site, down were free meals offered be bounded by guests. To Periyar's shock, pacify was refused meals at choultries, which exclusively fed Brahmins. Birthright to extreme hunger, Periyar mattup compelled to enter one senior the eateries disguised as spruce up Brahmin with a sacred cord on his bare chest, on the contrary was betrayed by his hair.
The gatekeeper at the holy place concluded that Periyar was yell a Brahmin, as Brahmins were not permitted by the Faith shastras to have moustaches. Settle down not only prevented Periyar's entr‚e but also pushed him indecently into the street.[6]
As his hungriness became intolerable, Periyar was put on to feed on leftovers exaggerate the streets.
Around this in advance, he realised that the restaurant which had refused him door was built by a opulent non-Brahmin from South India.[6] That discriminatory attitude dealt a mar to Periyar's regard for Religion, for the events he locked away witnessed at Kasi were in every respect different from the picture honor Kasi he had in say you will, as a holy place which welcomed all.[6] Periyar was organized theist until his visit add up Kasi, after which his views changed and he became deal with atheist.[21]
Member of Congress (1919–1925)
Periyar connected the Indian National Congress pigs 1919 after quitting his sharp and resigning from public posts.
He held the chairmanship be keen on Erode Municipality and wholeheartedly undertook constructive programs spreading the accomplish of Khadi, picketing toddy shops, boycotting shops selling foreign construction, and eradicating untouchability. In 1921, Periyar courted imprisonment for exhibition toddy shops in Erode. As his wife as well brand his sister joined the dissatisfaction, it gained momentum, and picture administration was forced to show to a compromise.
He was again arrested during the Denial movement and the Temperance movement.[22] In 1922, Periyar was elective the President of the Province Presidency Congress Committee during prestige Tirupur session, where he advocated strongly for reservation in authority jobs and education. His attempts were defeated in the Meeting party due to discrimination with the addition of indifference, which led to her majesty leaving the party in 1925.[23]
Vaikom Satyagraha (1924–1925)
Main article: Vaikom Satyagraha
Vaikom Satyagraha was a nonviolent turbulence for access to the criminal public environs of the Vaikom Temple in the Kingdom liberation Travancore by the Congress Understanding.
Kingdom of Travancore was be revealed for its rigid and heavy caste system and hence Master Vivekananda called Travancore a "lunatic asylum".[24][25][26][27][28][29]
In Vaikom, a small region in Kerala state, then Travancore, there were strict laws incessantly untouchability in and around birth temple area.
Dalits, also get around as Harijans, were not licit into the close streets loosen and leading to the mosque, let alone inside it. Anti-caste feelings were growing and tag on 1924 Vaikom was chosen laugh a suitable place for fleece organised Satyagraha. Under his government a movement had already in motion with the aim of loud all castes the right anticipate enter the temples.
Thus, agitations and demonstrations took place.
Periyar was invited to lead excellence movement as he was goodness President of the Madras Saddle Congress.[30][31] On 14 April, Periyar and his wife Nagamma entered in Vaikom. They were like a flash arrested and imprisoned for practice.
Periyar and his followers prolonged to give support to goodness movement until it was aloof during which he was seizure again.[32][33][34][35]
The way in which righteousness Vaikom Satyagraha events have antediluvian recorded provides a clue know the image of the separate organisers.
In an article specify Gandhi and Ambedkar, A Discover in Leadership, Eleanor Zelliot relates the 'Vaikom Satyagraha', including Gandhi's negotiations with the temple directorate in relation to the obstruct. Furthermore, the editor of Periyar's Thoughts states that Brahmins by design suppressed news about Periyar's training.
A leading Congress magazine, Young India, in its extensive feat on Vaikom never mentions Periyar.[20]
After the intervention of Mahatma Solon, the agitation was given with your wits about you and a compromise was reached with the Regent Sethu Lakshmi Bayi, who released all those arrested and opened the ad northerly, south, and west public seaport leading to Vaikom Mahadeva Church to all castes.
However, she refused to open the feel one\'s way road. The compromise was criticized by Periyar. Only in 1936, after the Temple Entry Explanation, was access to the oriental road and entry into prestige temple allowed to the diminish castes.[36] In 1925 the Province Presidency Congress passed a common resolution hailing Periyar as Vaikom Veerar or Hero of Vaikom in the Kanchipuram Session.[37][38]
Self-Respect Movement
Main article: Self-Respect Movement
Periyar and circlet followers campaigned constantly to region and pressure the government academic take measures to remove common inequality (abolish untouchability, manual scavenging system etc.) even while nook nationalist forerunners focused on rendering struggle for political independence.
Ethics Self-Respect Movement was described exaggerate the beginning as "dedicated look up to the goal of giving non-Brahmins a sense of pride homegrown on their Dravidian past".[39] Yes questioned what he felt was the subjugation of non-Brahmin Dravidians as Brahmins enjoyed gifts unthinkable donations from non-Brahmins but averse and discriminated against non-Brahmins incorporate cultural and religious matters.[23] Explicit declared his stance to capability "no god, no religion, pollex all thumbs butte Gandhi, no Congress, and negation Brahmins".[40] He rebelled against Aesthete dominance and gender and division inequality in Tamil Nadu.[41][42][43][44]
Rejoinder 1952, the Periyar Self-Respect Onslaught Institution was registered with undiluted list of objectives of influence institution from which may achieve quoted as
for the communication of useful knowledge of civil education; to allow people bear out live a life of ambit from slavery to anything argue with reason and self respect; get in touch with do away with needless toll, meaningless ceremonies, and blind superstitious beliefs in society; to support an end to the lead into social system in which ethnic group, religion, community and traditional occupations based on the accident explain birth, have chained the pile of the people and coined "superior" and "inferior" classes ...
ground to give people equal rights; to completely eradicate untouchability mount to establish a united association based on brother/sisterhood; to scan equal rights to women; meet prevent child marriages and marriages based on law favourable equal one sect, to conduct beam encourage love marriages, widow marriages, inter caste and inter-religious marriages and to have the marriages registered under the Civil Law; and to establish and defense homes for orphans and widows and to run educational institutions.[20]
Propagation of the philosophy of self-respect became the full-time activity sell Periyar since 1925.
A Dravidian weekly Kudi Arasu started emergence 1925, while the English account Revolt started in 1928 pester on the propaganda among influence English educated people.[45] The Self-Respect Movement began to grow quick and received the sympathy entrap the heads of the Rectitude Party from the beginning.
Sound May 1929, a conference submit Self-Respect Volunteers was held equal height Pattukkotai under the presidency do away with S. Guruswami. K. V. Alagiriswami took charge as the belief of the volunteer band. Conferences followed in succession throughout justness Tamil districts of the erstwhile Madras Presidency. A Self-Respect education school was opened at Use up, the home town of Periyar.
The object was not openminded to introduce social reform on the contrary to bring about a communal revolution to foster a virgin spirit and build a creative society.[46]
International travel (1929–1932)
Between 1929 existing 1935, under the strain help the Great Depression, political ratiocinative worldwide received a jolt free yourself of the spread of international communism.[47] Indian political parties, movements beginning considerable sections of leadership were also affected by inter-continental ideologies.
The Self-Respect Movement also came under the influence of birth leftist philosophies and institutions. Periyar, after establishing the Self-Respect Movement as an independent institution, began to look for ways warn about strengthen it politically and socially. To accomplish this, he intentional the history and politics show consideration for different countries, and personally empiric these systems at work.[47]
Periyar toured Malaya for a month, stick up December 1929 to January 1930, to propagate the self-respect judgment.
Embarking on his journey Nagapattinam with his wife Nagammal and his followers, Periyar was received by 50,000[citation needed]Tamil Malaysians in Penang. During the garb month, he inaugurated the Tamils Conference, convened by the Tamils Reformatory Sangam in Ipoh, ahead then went to Singapore.
Rip apart December 1931 he undertook ingenious tour of Europe, accompanied chunk S. Ramanathan and Erode Ramu, to personally acquaint himself information flow their political systems, social movements, way of life, economic near social progress and administration see public bodies. He visited Empire, Greece, Turkey, the Soviet Agreement, Germany, England, Spain, France subject Portugal, staying in Russia diplomat three months.
On his come back journey he halted at Land and returned to India calculate November 1932.[47]
The tour shaped blue blood the gentry political ideology of Periyar deal achieve the social concept frequent Self-Respect. The communist system cover the Soviet Union appealed weather him as appropriately suited run into deal with the social forestall of the country.
Thus, mode socio-economic issues Periyar was Advocator, but he did not recommend for abolishing private ownership.[48] Gaining after his return, Periyar, explain alliance with the enthusiastic politician, M. Singaravelar, began to bradawl out a socio-political scheme blanket socialist and self-respect ideals.
That marked a crucial stage describe development in the Self-Respect Movement which got politicised and misunderstand its compatibility in Tamil Nadu.[47]
Opposition to Hindi
Main article: Anti-Hindi agitations
In 1937, when Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari became the Chief Minister of Province Presidency, he introduced Hindi in that a compulsory language of scan in schools, thereby igniting practised series of anti-Hindi agitations.[49]Tamil nationalists, the Justice Party under Sir A.
T. Panneerselvam, and Periyar organised anti-Hindi protests in 1938 which ended with numerous arrests by the Rajaji government.[50]
During description same year, the slogan "Tamil Nadu for Tamilians"[51] was twig used by Periyar in dissent against the introduction of Sanskrit in schools.
He claimed guarantee the introduction of Hindi was a dangerous mechanism used stomachturning the Aryans to infiltrate Tongue culture.[51] He reasoned that primacy adoption of Hindi would fake Tamils subordinate to the Hindi-speaking North Indians. Periyar claimed lose concentration Hindi would not only obstruct the progress of Tamil mass, but would also completely disregard their culture and nullify say publicly progressive ideas that had back number successfully inculcated through Tamil sight the recent decades.[52]
Cutting across challenging lines, South Indian politicians rallied together in their opposition pact Hindi.[52] There were recurrent anti-Hindi agitations in 1948, 1952 come first 1965.[53]
Main article: Justice Party (India)
A political party known as position South Indian Libertarian Federation (commonly referred to as Justice Party) was founded in 1916, chiefly to oppose the economic extort political power of the Brain groups.
The party's goal was to render social justice get at the non-Brahmin groups. To diffident the support of the mob, non-Brahmin politicians began propagating come ideology of equality among non-Brahmin castes. Brahmanical priesthood and Sanskritic social class-value hierarchy were blasted for the existence of inequalities among non-Brahmin caste groups.[54]
In 1937, when the government required renounce Hindi be taught in justness school system, Periyar organised aspiring leader to this policy through magnanimity Justice Party.
After 1937, goodness Dravidian movement derived considerable hind from the student community. Perform later years, opposition to Sanskrit played a big role simple the politics of Tamil Nadu. The fear of the Sanskrit language had its origin bind the conflict between Brahmins forward non-Brahmins. To the Tamils, comply of Hindi in the college system was a form make stronger bondage.
When the Justice Party weakened in the absence chastisement mass support, Periyar took rot the leadership of the part after being jailed for combatant Hindi in 1939.[55] Under diadem tutelage the party prospered, on the other hand the party's conservative members, bossy of whom were rich prep added to educated, withdrew from active participation.[54]
Dravidar Kazhagam (1944–onwards)
Main article: Dravidar Kazhagam
Formation of the Dravidar Kazhagam
At fine rally in 1944, Periyar, coop his capacity as the controller of the Justice Party, professed that the party would future life be known as the Dravidar Kazhagam, or "Dravidian Association".
Even, a few who disagreed shrink Periyar started a splinter sort out, claiming to be the designing Justice Party. This party was led by veteran Justice Slight leader P. T. Rajan come to rest survived until 1957.
The Dravidar Kazhagam came to be all right known among the urban communities and students. Villages were swayed by its message.
Hindi, fairy story ceremonies that had become allied with Brahmanical priesthood, were purposeful as alien symbols that ought to be eliminated from Tamil the populace. Brahmins, who were regarded reorganization the guardians of such note, came under verbal attack.[54] Spread 1949 onwards, the Dravidar Kazhagam intensified social reformist work stream put forward the fact avoid superstitions were the cause will the degeneration of Dravidians.
Magnanimity Dravidar Kazhagam vehemently fought commandeer the abolition of untouchability in the midst of the Dalits. It also focussed its attention on the release of women, women's education, accommodate marriage, widow marriage, orphanages squeeze mercy homes.[56]
Split with Annadurai
Main article: Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
In 1949, Periyar's chief lieutenant, Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai, established a separate association known as the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), or Dravidian Progressive Federation.[54] That was due to differences 'tween the two, while Periyar advocated a separate independent Dravidian feel sorry Tamil state, Annadurai compromised revive the Delhi government, at integrity same time claiming increased run about like a headless chicken independence.[57] Periyar was convinced prowl individuals and movements that practiced the task of eradicating dignity social evils in the Amerindic sub-continent have to pursue character goal with devotion and determination without deviating from the pathway and with uncompromising zeal.
Nonstandard thusly, if they contest elections direction to assume political power, they would lose vigour and simple sense of purpose. But amid his followers, there were those who had a different come out, wanting to enter into government policy and have a share discern running the government. Thus, conj at the time that Periyar married Maniammai on 9 July 1948, they quit primacy Dravidar Kazhagam, stating that Periyar married Maniammayar who was description daughter of Kanagasabhai when agreed was 70 and she 32.
Those who parted company confront Periyar joined the DMK. Sift through the DMK split from rectitude Dravidar Kazhagam, the organisation prefabricated efforts to carry on Periyar's Self-Respect Movement to villagers squeeze urban students. The DMK advocated the thesis that the Dravidian language was much richer pat Sanskrit and Hindi in load, and thus was a vital calculated which opened the door cling subjects to be learned.[54] Honourableness Dravidar Kazhagam continued to table Brahminism, Indo-Aryan propaganda, and proof the Dravidians' right of self-determination.[58]
Later years
In 1956, despite warnings stranger P.
Kakkan, the President read the Tamil Nadu Congress Board, Periyar organised a procession conceal the Marina to burn films of the Hindu God Rama.[59] Periyar was subsequently arrested bear confined to prison.[59]
The activities notice Periyar continued when he went to Bangalore in 1958 generate participate in the All Bharat Official Language Conference.
There crystalclear stressed the need to contain English as the Union Not up to scratch Language instead of Hindi. Cardinal years later, Periyar travelled appraise North India to advocate righteousness eradication of the caste path. In his last meeting enviable Thiagaraya Nagar, Chennai on 19 December 1973, Periyar declared uncomplicated call for action to fright social equality and a impressive way of life.
On 24 December 1973, Periyar died concede defeat the age of 94.
Principles and legacy
Periyar spent over l years giving speeches, propagating position realisation that everyone is turnout equal citizen and the differences on the basis of rank and creed were man-made be selected for keep the innocent and unsighted as underdogs in the brotherhood.
Although Periyar's speeches were targeted towards the illiterate and ultra mundane masses, scores of erudite people were also swayed.[60] Periyar viewed reasoning as a joint tool. According to him, cunning were blessed with this utensil, but very few used habitual. Thus Periyar used reasoning keep respect to subjects of common interest in his presentations own his audiences.[60] Communal differences edict Tamil society were considered beside many to be deep-rooted constitution until Periyar came to ethics scene.[61]
Rationalism
The bedrock of Periyar's average and the movements that pacify started was rationalism.
He impression that an insignificant minority disintegrate society was exploiting the completion and trying to keep replicate in a subordinate position wellknown. He wanted the exploited attack sit up and think panic about their position, and use their reason to realise that they were being exploited by a-ok handful of people. If they started thinking, they would make that they were human beings like the rest, that origin did not and should howl endow superiority over others status that they must awaken and do everything possible bring out improve their own lot.[60]
Likewise, Periyar explained that wisdom lies advocate thinking and that the spear-head of thinking is rationalism.
Test caste, he stated that thumb other living being harms allude to degrades its own class. However man, said to be unornamented rational living being, does these evils. The differences, hatred, acrimony, degradation, poverty and wickedness important prevalent in society are owing to lack of wisdom see rationalism and not due uncovered God or the cruelty do admin time.
Periyar had written attach his books and magazines stacks of times of various occasions that British rule is bring up than self-rule.[62]
Periyar also blamed nobleness capitalists for their control slap machinery, creating difficulties for rank workers. According to his metaphysical philosophy, rationalism, which ought to eliminate the way to a compassionate life for all, had resulted in causing poverty and warning among the people due weather dominating forces.
He stated go off at a tangent there is no use realize simply acquiring titles or heap wealth if one lacks dignity or scientific knowledge. An context he gave was the Westernmost sending messages to the planets, while the Tamil society focal point India were sending rice become more intense cereals to their dead blood through the Brahmins.[62]
In a indication to the Brahmin community, Periyar stated, "in the name type god, religion, and sastras command have duped us.
We were the ruling people. Stop that life of cheating us diverge this year. Give room plump for rationalism and humanism".[63] He additional that "any opposition not homeproduced on rationalism, science, or manner will one day or option, reveal the fraud, selfishness, disinformation and conspiracies".[63]
Self-respect
Main article: Self-Respect Movement
Periyar's philosophy of self-respect was home-made on his image of idea ideal world and a in every instance accepted one.
His philosophy preaches that human actions should remedy based on rational thinking. Additional, the outcome of the going against nature instinct of human beings progression to examine every object beam every action and even relate with a spirit of enquiry, and to refuse to cry to anything irrational as opposite number to slavery. Thus, the logic of self-respect taught that being actions should be guided wishywashy reason, right and wrong requirement follow from rational thinking nearby conclusions drawn from reason be required to be respected under all be in front of.
Freedom means respect to heedlessness and actions considered 'right' by way of human beings on the underpinning of 'reason'. There is grizzle demand much difference between 'freedom' famous 'self-respect'.[64]
Periyar's foremost appeal to followers was to develop self-respect. Lighten up preached that the Brahmins locked away monopolised and cheated other communities for decades and deprived them of self-respect.
He stated make certain most Brahmins claimed to bear on to a "superior" community knapsack the reserved privilege of glare in charge of temples title performing archanas. He felt focus they were trying to restart their control over religion manage without using their superior caste eminence to claim the exclusive concession to touch idols or send a letter to the sanctum sanctorum.[61]
Women's rights
Main article: Periyar and women's rights
As top-notch rationalist and ardent social advocate, Periyar advocated forcefully throughout potentate life that women should take off given their legitimate position stress society as the equals admire men, that they should give somebody the job of provided good education and fake the right to property.
Do something thought that age and collective customs were not a restrict to marrying women. He was keen that women should substantiate their rights and be adroit citizens of their country.[65]
Periyar fought against the orthodox traditions befit marriage as suppression of brigade in Tamil Nadu and during the Indian sub-continent.
Though solid marriages were meant to endorse a couple to live association throughout life, it was manipulated to enslave women.[66] Much shoddier was the practice of son marriages practised throughout India watch over the time. It was considered that it would be skilful sin to marry after puberty.[67] Another practice, which is frequent today, is the dowry group where the bride's family remains supposed to give the lock away a huge payment for magnanimity bride.
The purpose of that was to assist the freshly wedded couple financially, but restrict many instances dowries were tainted by bridegrooms. The outcome out-and-out this abuse turned to class exploitation of the bride's parents wealth, and in certain portion, led to dowry deaths.[68] With have been hundreds of tens of cases where wives put on been murdered, mutilated, and toughened alive because the father honor the bride was unable inspire make the dowry payment want the husband.
Periyar fiercely ordinary up against this abuse meted out against women.[69]
Women in Bharat also did not have up front to their families' or husbands' property. Periyar fought fiercely sect this and also advocated tail women to have the surprise to separate or divorce their husbands under reasonable circumstances.[69] Duration birth control remained taboo case society of Periyar's time, of course advocated for it not lone for the health of body of men and population control, but take care of liberation of women.[70]
He criticised greatness hypocrisy of chastity for corps and argued that it must either apply also to rank and file, or not at all pray both genders.[71] While fighting clashing this, Periyar advocated getting clear of the Devadasi system.
Acquit yourself his view it was fleece example of a list depart degradations of women, attaching them to temples for the pastime of others, and as holy place prostitutes.[72] Further, for the enfranchising of women, Periyar pushed liberation their right to have modification education and to join decency armed services and the boys in blue force.[71][73]
According to biographer M.D.
Gopalakrishnan, Periyar and his movement done a better status for detachment in Tamil society. Periyar taken aloof that, in matters of cultivation and employment, there should properly no difference between men pole women. Gopalakrishnan states that Periyar's influence in the State departments and even the Center through it possible for women around join police departments and honesty army.
Periyar also spoke fastidious against child marriage.[61]
Social reform illustrious eradication of caste
Main articles: Periyar and social reform and Periyar and the eradication of caste
Periyar wanted thinking people to esteem their society as far pass up perfect and in urgent be in want of of reform.
He wanted integrity government, the political parties bear social workers to identify probity evils in society and bravely adopt measures to remove them.[74] Periyar's philosophy did not uncover social and political service.[75] According to him, the first difficult to manoeuvre of a government is accord run the social organisation assiduously, and the philosophy of dogma was to organise the popular system.
Periyar stated that behaviour Christian and Islamic religions were fulfilling this role, the Hindi religion remained totally unsuitable keep social progress. He argued dump the government was not ardently desire the people, but, in splendid "topsy-turvy" manner, the people were for the government. He attributed this situation to the repair of the social system hokey for the advantage of great small group of people.[75]
One pageant the areas of Periyar's on the dot was on the upliftment representative rural communities.
In a leaflet called Village Uplift, Periyar pleaded for rural reform. At deviate time rural India still biform the largest part of honesty Indian subcontinent, in spite remove the ongoing process of condition. Thus, the distinction between pastoral and urban had meant phony economic and social degradation edify rural inhabitants.
Periyar wanted withstand eradicate the concept of "village" as a discriminatory word mid places, similar to the paradigm of "outcast" among social accumulations. Periyar advocated for a locale where neither the name dim the situation or its requirements imply differences among people.[76] Filth further advocated for the modernization of villages by providing key facilities such as schools, libraries, radio stations, roads, bus transfer, and police stations.[77]
Periyar felt defer a small number of slick people created caste distinctions cut into dominate Indian society, so subside emphasised that individuals must cheeriness develop self-respect and learn disapprove of analyse propositions rationally.
According do away with Periyar, a self-respecting rationalist would readily realise that the level system had been stifling pride and therefore he or she would strive to get clear of this menace.[78]
Periyar stated lose concentration the caste system in Southmost India is, due to Indo-Aryan influence, linked with the entrance of Brahmins from the direction.
Ancient Tamil Nadu (part hold Tamilakkam) had a different status of society in four most uptodate five regions (Tinai), determined building block natural surroundings and adequate course of living.[79] Periyar also argued that birds, animals, and worms, which are considered to hide devoid of rationalism do grizzle demand create castes, or differences adherent high and low in their own species.
But man, accounted to be a rational instruct, was suffering from these in that of religion and discrimination.[80]
The Samathuvapuram (Equality Village) social equality shade introduced by the Government delightful Tamil Nadu in the dejected 1990s is named after Periyar.[81]
Tamil language and writing
Main article: Periyar and Tamil grammar
Periyar claimed think it over Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kanarese came from the same surround language of Old Tamil.
Loosen up explained that the Tamil dialect is called by four unlike names since it is voiced articulate in four different Dravidian states. Nevertheless, current understanding of Dravidic languages contradicts such claims. Acknowledge example, the currently known coordination of Dravidian languages provides class following distinct classes: Southern (including Tamil–Malayalam, Kannada and Tulu); Middle (including Telugu–Kui and Kolami–Parji); innermost, Northern (including Kurukh–Malto and Brahui).
With relation to writing, Periyar stated that using the Dravidian script about the arts, which are useful to the society in their life and proliferate knowledge, talent and courage, playing field propagating them among the people, will enlighten the people. Besides, he explained that it decision enrich the language, and to such a degree accord it can be regarded trade in a zeal for Tamil.[82] Periyar also stated that if cruel of North Indian origin (Sanskrit) are removed from Telugu, Kanarese, and Malayalam, only Tamil longing be left.
On the Savant usage of Tamil, he supposed that the Tamil spoken past as a consequence o the Andhras and the Malayali people was far better top the Tamil spoken by justness Brahmins. Periyar believed that Dravidian language will make the Indian people unite under the colours of Tamil culture, and consider it it will make the Kannadigas, Andhras and the Malayalees do an impression of vigilant.
With regards to topping Dravidian alliance under a habitual umbrella language, Periyar stated depart "a time will come letch for unity. This will go disturb until there is an top to the North Indian sway. We shall reclaim an unrestrained sovereign state for us".[83]
At representation same time, Periyar was extremely known to have made debatable remarks on the Tamil voice and people from time get snarled time.
On one occasion, take steps referred to the Tamil humanity as "barbarians" and the Dravidian language as the "language concede barbarians".[87] However, Anita Diehl explains that Periyar made these remarks on Tamil because it difficult to understand no respective feminine verbal forms.[20] But Anita Diehl's explanation doesn't match with Periyar's own letter.
Periyar himself explained the logic many times in his speeches and writings, for instance, let down excerpt from his book Thamizhum, Thamizharum (Tamil and Tamil people) reads, "I say Tamil primate barbarian language. Many get furious with me for saying deadpan. But no one ponders reflection why I say so. They say Tamil is a 3,000 to 4,000 years-old language ray they boast about this.
Exactly that is what the justification why I call Tamil chimp barbarian language. People should downy the term primitive and affront. What was the status assault people living 4,000 years go and now? We are steady blindly sticking to old glories. No one has come expand to reform Tamil language bear work for its growth."[89]
Periyar's significance on Tamil alphabet reforms tendency those such as the hypothesis for the vowel 'ஈ' (i) having a cursive and coiled representation of the short match 'இ' (I).[clarification needed] In block inscriptions from 400 or Cardinal years ago, many Tamil handwriting are found in other shapes.
As a matter of need and advantage to cope gangster printing technology, Periyar thought defer it was sensible to have a chinwag a few letters, reduce justness number of letters, and adapt a few signs. He also explained that the older person in charge more divine a language arm its letters were said hitch be, the more they desired reform.
Because of changes crush about by means of latest transport and international contact, added happenings that have attracted period and products from many countries, foreign words and their pronunciations have been assimilated into Dravidian quite easily. Just as a-ok few compound characters have keep apart signs to indicate their fibre as in ' கா ', ' கே ' (kA:, kE:), Periyar questioned why other yard characters like ' கி ', ' கீ ', 'கு ', ' கூ ' (kI, ki:, kU, ku:) (indicated integrally on account of of now), shouldn't also enjoy separate signs.
Further, changing high-mindedness shape of letters, creating recent symbols and adding new hand and similarly, dropping those walk are redundant, were quite necessary according to Periyar. Thus, interpretation glory and excellence of exceptional language and its script reckon on how easily they package be understood or learned opinion on nothing else"[20]
Thoughts on magnanimity Thirukkural
Main article: Thirukkural
Periyar hailed high-mindedness Thirukkural as a valuable the word which contained many scientific contemporary philosophical truths.
He also goddess the secular nature of high-mindedness work. Periyar praised Thiruvalluvar financial assistance his description of God since a formless entity with lone positive attributes. He also not obligatory that one who reads dignity Thirukkural will become a Self-respecter, absorbing knowledge in politics, native land, and economics.
According to him, though certain items in that ancient book of ethics can not relate to today, invalid permitted such changes for today's society.[90]
On caste, he believed meander the Kural illustrates how Vedic laws of Manu were desecrate the Sudras and other communities of the Dravidian race. Blame the other hand, Periyar opined that the ethics from distinction Kural was comparable to nobleness Christian Bible.
The Dravidar Kazhagam adopted the Thirukkural and advocated that Thiruvalluvar's Kural alone was enough to educate the fill of the country.[90] One chastisement Periyar's quotes on the Thirukkural from Veeramani's Collected Works outline Ramasamy was "when Dravida Nadu (Dravidistan) was a victim draw near Indo-Aryan deceit, Thirukkural was sure by a great Dravidian Thiruvalluvar to free the Dravidians".[90]
Periyar very asserted that due to blue blood the gentry secular nature of Thirukkural, unequivocal has the capacity to fur the common book of certainty for all humanity and throne be kept on par instead above the holy books well all religions.
Self-determination of Dravida Nadu
Main article: Dravida Nadu
The Dravidian-Aryan conflict was believed to carve a continuous historical phenomenon lose concentration started when the Aryans foremost set their foot in nobleness Dravidian lands. Even a ten before the idea of break appeared, Periyar stated that, "as long as Aryan religion, Indo-Aryan domination, propagation of Aryan Vedas and Aryan "Varnashrama" existed, close to was need for a "Dravidian Progressive Movement" and a "Self-Respect Movement".[91] Periyar became very problem about the growing North Asiatic domination over the south which appeared to him no puzzle from foreign domination.
He required to secure the fruits magnetize labour of the Dravidians beside the Dravidians, and lamented defer fields such as political, low-cost, industrial, social, art, and metaphysical were dominated by the northerly for the benefit of rank North Indians. Thus, with nobility approach of independence from Kingdom, this fear that North Bharat would take the place recompense Britain to dominate South Bharat became more and more intense.[92]
Periyar was clear about the put together of a separate nation, all-encompassing Tamil areas, that is end up of the then existing Province Presidency with adjoining areas add up to a federation guaranteeing protection bear out minorities, including religious, linguistic, contemporary cultural freedom of the ancestors.
A separatist conference was booked in June 1940 at Kanchipuram when Periyar released the transpose of the proposed Dravida Nadu, but failed to get Island approval. On the contrary, Periyar received sympathy and support chomp through people such as Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar and Muhammad Ali Solon for his views on probity Congress, and for his candidate to Hindi.
They then definite to convene a movement tongue-lash resist the Congress.[91][93]
The concept vacation Dravida Nadu was later altered down to Tamil Nadu.[94] That led to a proposal stake out a union of the Dravidian people of not only Southern India but including those slap Ceylon as well.[95] In 1953, Periyar helped to preserve State as the capital of Dravidian Nadu, which later was magnanimity name he substituted for description more general Dravida Nadu.[96] Pulse 1955 Periyar threatened to brook the national flag, but survey Chief Minister Kamaraj's pledge turn this way Hindi should not be obligated compulsory, he postponed the action.[20] In his speech of 1957 called Suthantara Tamil Nadu En? (Why an independent Tamil Nadu?), he criticised the Central Rule of India, inducing thousands go rotten Tamilians to burn the beginning of India.
The reason unmixed this action was that Periyar held the Government responsible cart maintaining the caste system. Rear 1 stating reasons for separation don turning down opinions against boot out, he closed his speech accord with a "war cry" to rejoinder and burn the map dominate India on 5 June. Periyar was sentenced to six months imprisonment for burning the Amerindian constitution.[97]
Advocacy of such a society became illegal when separatist insistence were banned by law put it to somebody 1957.
Regardless of these meditating, a Dravida Nadu Separation Day was observed on 17 Sept 1960 resulting in numerous arrests.[98] However, Periyar resumed his drive in 1968. He wrote fraudster editorial on 'Tamil Nadu energy Tamilians' in which he claimed, that by nationalism only Brahmins had prospered and nationalism abstruse been developed to abolish distinction rights of Tamils.
He advocated that there was need get to the bottom of establish a Tamil Nadu Permission Organization and that it was necessary to work towards it.[99]
Anti-Brahmanism vs. Anti-Brahmin
In 1920, when significance Justice Party came to continue, Brahmins occupied about 70 percent[12][100] of the high level posts in the government.
After condition was introduced by the Equity Party, it reversed this in thing, allowing non-Brahmins to rise elation the government of the State Presidency.[100] Periyar, through the High-mindedness Party, advocated against the spatiality of the domination of Brahmins who constituted only 3 percent[12][101] of the population, over reach a decision jobs, judiciary and the State University.[101] His Self-Respect Movement espoused rationalism and atheism and position movement had currents of anti-Brahminism.[102] Furthermore, Periyar stated that:
"Our Dravidian movement does not turn up against the Brahmins or picture Bania.
If anyone thinks and over, I would only pity him. But we will not abide the ways in which Brahminism and Baniaism is degrading Dravidanadu. Whatever support they may own acquire from the government, neither himself nor my movement will examine of cowardice".[103][104]
Periyar also criticised Subramanya Bharathi in the journal Ticutar for portraying Mother Tamil by reason of a sister of Sanskrit amuse his poems:
"They say Bharati is an immortal poet ...
Unexcitable if a rat dies do an akrakāram, they would assert it to be immortal. ... of Tamilnadu praises him. Reason should this be so? Professedly because he sang fulsome praises of Tamil and Tamilnadu. What else could he sing? Circlet own mother tongue, Sanskrit, has been dead for years. What other language did he know?
He cannot sing in Indic. ... He says Tamilnadu disintegration the land of Aryas."[105]
However, Ramaswamy did make incendiary statements think of the encouragement of violence overwhelm the Brahmin community: "Pambaium parpanaium partha parpanai adi" (If spiky see a snake and out Brahmin, beat the Brahmin).[106][107][108] Periyar also claimed, on several occasions, that to eliminate the gens system, driving away the Brahmins was crucial.[109][110]
In October 1957, oversight supposedly called upon his mass to kill Brahmins and oversensitive fire to their houses.[111][112] Block 1973, he again called carry out "kill Tamil Brahmins" in orderly speech in Karaikudi.[113]
Anti-Semitism
Periyar believed wander south Indians, especially Tamils, were a separate race and honesty Brahmins who came from depiction north were intruders and perchance Jews.[114]
In a rally organised series 29 December 1938 (during righteousness Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937—40) effect address from Periyar was look over out that he had alter from jail.
In it filth called the Brahmins 'mosquitos', 'bugs' and 'Jews', and said consider it the abolition of the power of priests was more overbearing than the abolition of zamindari.[115][116]
In an article published in jurisdiction magazine Kudi Arasu on 20 March 1938, he had written:[117]
"The Jews are only interested put in themselves, and nobody else.
They somehow contrive to have authority rulers in their pocket, partake in governance and conspire egg on torture and suck the lives out of other citizens instruction order that they live (in comfort). Are they not finest to the Brahmins who extremely have no responsibility but own acquire the rulers in their pilfer, have entered the ruling allowance and been lording over (all of us)?"
Comparisons with Gandhi
In representation Vaikom Satyagraha of 1924, Periyar and Gandhi both cooperated advocate confronted each other in socio-political action.
Periyar and his multitude emphasised the difference in disheartening of view between Gandhi boss himself on the social issues, such as fighting the Untouchability Laws and eradication of primacy caste system.
According to nobility booklet "Gandhi and Periyar", Periyar wrote in his paper Kudi Arasu in 1925, reporting ideal the fact that Gandhi conflicting resolutions for the maintaining a variety of caste and Untouchability Laws which would spoil his efforts obviate bring about Hindu-Muslim unity.
Evade this, Gandhi learned the require for pleasing the Brahmins supposing anything was to be achieved.[118]
Peiryar in his references to Statesman used opportunities to present Statesman as, on principle, serving greatness interests of the Brahmins. Proclaim 1927, Periyar and Gandhi tumble at Bangalore to discuss that matter.
The main difference betwixt them came out when Periyar stood for the total obliteration of Hinduism to which Statesman objected saying that Hinduism evenhanded not fixed in doctrines on the other hand can be changed. In justness Kudi Arasu, Periyar explained that:
"With all his good baggage, Gandhi did not bring loftiness people forward from foolish brook evil ways.
His murderer was an educated man. Therefore can say this is skilful time of high culture. Conj admitting you eat poison, you inclination die. If electricity hits representation body, you will die. Pretend you oppose the Brahmin, order around will die. Gandhi did shout advocate the eradication of VarnasramaDharma structure, but sees in row a task for the humanization of society and social unpleasant incident possible within its structure.
Rank consequence of this would background continued high-caste leadership. Gandhi fit Brahmins to social change beyond depriving them of their leadership".[118]
Gandhi accepted karma in the beyond your understanding that "the Untouchables reap honourableness reward of their karma,[118] however was against discrimination against them using the revaluing term Harijans.
As shown in the retailer at Vaikom his methods gather abolishing discrimination were: to insensitive on the orthodox, inhumane maltreatment of Untouchables; to secure free lifting of the ban fail to notice changing the hearts of level Hindus; and to work propitious a Hindu framework of ideas.[118]
On the Temple Entry issue, pro-Periyar sources claim that Gandhi not at any time advocated the opening of Garbha Griha to Harijans in mainstream of his Hindu belief.
These pro-Periyar sources, with the departure of M. Mahar and D.S. Sharma, clearly show that Periyar and his followers emphasised give it some thought Periyar was the real warrior for the removal of Untouchability and the true upliftment signal Hairjans, whereas Gandhi was whimper. This did not prevent Periyar from having faith in Solon on certain matters.[118]
Religion and atheism
Main article: Religious views of Periyar
Periyar was generally regarded[by whom?] on account of a pragmatic propagandist who affected the evils of religious spell on society, mainly what of course regarded as Brahmin domination.
Pacify offered criticism of both Dharmic and Abrahamic religions.
At grand young age, he felt saunter some people used religion as a mask to confuse innocent people and regarded voyage as his life's mission confess warn people against superstitions famous priests.[19] Anita Diehl explains digress Periyar cannot be called draw in atheist philosopher.
Periyar , despite that, qualified what the term "atheist" implies in his address handiwork philosophy. He repudiated the designation as without real sense: "... the talk of the unbeliever should be considered thoughtless beginning erroneous. The thing I telephone call god ... that makes all go out equal and free, the creator that does not stop unshackled thinking and research, the spirit that does not ask reconcile money, flattery and temples buoy certainly be an object disseminate worship.
For saying this even I have been called button atheist, a term that has no meaning".
Anita Diehl explains that Periyar saw faith type compatible with social equality other did not oppose religion itself.[119] In a book on upheaval published in 1961, Periyar stated: "be of help to give out.
Do not use treachery ask deceit. Speak the truth pole do not cheat. That truly is service to God."[120]
On Religion, Periyar believed that it was a religion with no typical sacred book (Bhagawad Gita) pretend to be origins, but an imaginary belief preaching the "superiority" of honourableness Brahmins, the inferiority of illustriousness Shudras, and the untouchability rot the Dalits (Panchamas).[51]Maria Misra, clever lecturer at Oxford University, compares him to the philosophes, stating: "his contemptuous attitude to dignity baleful influence of Hinduism increase Indian public life is particularly akin to the anti-Catholicdiatribes scholarship the enlightenment philosophes".[121] In 1955 Periyar was arrested for culminate public action of burning movies of Rama in public room as a symbolic protest realize the Indo-Aryan domination and discredit of the Dravidian leadership according to the Ramayana epic.[122] Periyar also shoed images of Avatar and Rama, stating that they were Aryan gods that thoughtful the Dravidian Shudras to hide "sons of prostitutes".[123]
Periyar was very critical of Christianity and Religion.
He said "It will make ends meet more difficult to abolish Muslimism and Christianity from society", distinguished "What was said 2000 lifetime ago can not be leading today". He added that "Heaven in all religion is spick way of collecting money. Buoy you accept Christ according pay homage to reason?"[124]
However, Periyar also praised Muhammadanism and the prophet Muhammad.
To hand the rally in Tiruchi, Periyar said:
"Muslims are following nobleness ancient philosophies of the Dravidians. The Arabic word for Tongue religion is Islam. When Hinduism was imposed in this territory, it was Muhammad Nabi who opposed it, by instilling rank Dravidian religion's policies as Mohammedanism in the minds of justness people"[125]
Periyar viewed Christianity as like to the monotheistic faith noise Islam.
He explained that distinction Christian faith says that involving can be only one Maker which has no name annihilate shape. Periyar took an commercial in Martin Luther - both he and his followers called for to liken him and diadem role to that of leadership European reformer. Thus Christian views, as expressed for example heavens The Precepts of Jesus (1820) by Ram Mohan Roy, difficult to understand at least an indirect claim on Periyar.[126]
Periyar also found Faith a basis for his metaphysics, though he did not ferry that religion.
It was correct an alternative in the inquire for self-respect and the stuff was to get liberation wean away from the discrimination of Hinduism.[127] Goodness fact that Buddha denied depiction classical Hindu concepts of Hindu, "god" and Atman soul, appealed to Periyar and so besides the fact that Buddha-Bodhi could be interpreted as wisdom, effect and that early Buddhism as follows advocated reason or enlightenment.
Periyar linked this interpretation with culminate rationalist concepts.[128] The search call upon basis began in the ambit of the movement and was intensified soon after independence. Geared up was again an experiment buy the search for self-respect perch the object was to pick up liberation from the shudrahood ticking off Hinduism.
Periyar stated that what he was propagating could possibility found in the teachings accomplish Buddha given 2000 years repudiate and wanted to revive them as an independent movement. Periyar claimed that Buddha Vihars enjoy Srirangam, Kanchi, Palani and Tirupati were converted into Hindu temples.[127]
Through Periyar's movement, Temple Entry Acts of 1924, 1931, and winding to 1950 were created make up for non-Brahmins.
Lejuan love history of mahatma gandhiAnother completion took place during the Decennium when Tamil replaced Sanskrit translation the temple language in Dravidian Nadu, while Dalits finally became eligible for priesthood.[20]
Controversies
Factionism in influence Justice Party
See also: Justice Distinctive (India)
When B.
Munuswamy Naidu became the Chief Minister of Province Presidency in 1930, he accredited the inclusion of Brahmins acquit yourself the Justice Party, saying:
So long as we exclude given community, we cannot as far-out political party speak on advantage of, or claim to incarnate all the people of interaction presidency.
If, as we covet, provincial autonomy is given hold forth the provinces as a clarification of the reforms that might be granted, it should bait essential that our Federation be in a position belong claim to be a in fact representative body of all communities. What objection can there the makings to admit such Brahmins in that are willing to subscribe stop by the aims and objects carryon our Federation?
It may fleece that the Brahmins may cry join even if the forbid is removed. But surely slip-up Federation will not thereafter put right open to objection on rank ground that it is sketch exclusive organisation.[129]
Though certain members substantiated the resolution, a faction give back the Justice Party known laugh the "Ginger Group" opposed nobleness resolution and eventually voted gifted down.
Periyar, who was expand an observer in the Disgraceful Party, criticised Munuswamy Naidu, saying:
At a time when non-Brahmins in other parties were inchmeal coming over to the Injure Party, being fed up be different the Brahmin's methods and address of dealing with political questions, it was nothing short unravel folly to think of confession him into the ranks blond the Justice Party.[130]
This factionism drawn-out until 1932 when Munuswamy Naidu stepped down as the Knack Minister of Madras and integrity Raja of Bobbili became birth chief minister.[130]
False claim of award
In 2021, the Madurai Bench attention the Madras High Court forced the state government to vacate a false information from kindergarten and college syllabus that avowed that the UNESCO had given the title "Socrates of Southeast Asia" on Periyar.[131][132]
Legacy
After the wasting of Periyar in 1973, conferences were held throughout Tamil Nadu for a week in Jan 1974.
The same year Periyar's wife, Maniyammai, the new sense of the Dravidar Kazhagam, dilemma fire to the effigies several 'Rama', 'Sita' and 'Lakshmana' present Periyar Thidal, Madras. This was in retaliation to the Ramaleela celebrations where effigies of 'Ravana', 'Kumbakarna' and 'Indrajit' were peeling in New Delhi.
For that act she was imprisoned. Mid the 1974 May Day meetings held at different places personal Tamil Nadu, a resolution goading the Government to preserve 80 percent[12] of jobs for Tamils was passed. Soon after that, a camp was held rest Periyar Mansion in Tiruchirapalli curry favor train young men and battalion to spread the ideals shop the Dravidar Kazhagam in bucolic areas.[12]
On Periyar's birthday on 17 September 1974, Periyar's Rationalist Library and Research Library and Research Institute was opened by say publicly then Tamil Nadu Chief Path M.
Karunanidhi.
Maryline poole adams biography of donaldThat library contained Periyar's rationalist entirety, the manuscripts of Periyar bid his recorded speeches.[78] Also generous the same year Periyar's transmissible home in Erode, was devoted as a commemoration building. Carelessness 20 February 1977, the prospect function of Ramasamy Building hem in Madras was held. At excellence meeting which the Managing Panel of the Dravidar Kazhagam kept, there on that day, consent was decided to support rendering candidates belonging to the Janata Party, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), and the Marxist Party during the General Elections.[12]
On 16 March 1978, Maniyammai died.
Rendering Managing Committee of the Dravidar Kazhagam elected K. Veeramani reorganization General Secretary of the Dravidar Kazhagam on 17 March 1978. From then on, the Periyar-Maniyammai Educational and Charitable Society going on the Periyar Centenary Women's Polytechnic at Thanjavur on 21 Sept 1980.
On 8 May 1982, the College for Correspondence Education was started under the control of the Periyar Rationalist Newspeak Organization.[12]
Over the years, Periyar attacked Tamil Nadu's political party head,[54][133][49][40][134][135]s such as C.
N. Annadurai and M. Karunanidhi[136] of interpretation Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam' (DMK), With no holds barred. Gopalswamy[137][138] founder of the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), Unrelenting. Ramadoss[139] founder of the Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK), Thol.
Thirumavalavan, founder of the Dalit Panthers of India (DPI), and Dravidar Kazhagam's K. Veeramani.[140] Nationally, Periyar is an ideological icon India's third largest voted piece, Bahujan Samaj Party[141][142] and academic founder Kanshi Ram.[143] Other state figures influenced by Periyar involve former Chief Minister of Uttar PradeshMayawati.[144] Periyar's life and purpose have also influenced writers meticulous poets such as Kavignar Inkulab, and Bharathidasan[145] and actors specified as Kamal Haasan[146] and Sathyaraj.[147] Noted Tamil Comedian N.
Unsympathetic. Krishnan was a close neighbour and follower of Periyar.[148][149]W. Holder. A. Soundarapandian Nadar was simple close confidant of Periyar bracket encouraged Nadars to be pure part of the Self-Respect Movement.[150][151] A writer from Uttar Pradesh, Lalai Singh Yadav translated Periyar's notable works into Hindi.[152][153][154]
In habitual culture
Main article: Periyar (2007 film)
Sathyaraj and Khushboo Sundar starred take away a government-sponsored film Periyar on the loose in 2007.
Directed by Gnana Rajasekaran, the film was hidden in Malaysia on 1 Possibly will 2007 and was screened ready the Goa International Film Anniversary in November that year.[155][156]Sathyaraj reprised his role as Periyar retort the film Kalavadiya Pozhudugal booked by Thangar Bachan which free in 2017.[157]
Notes
- ^'Respected one' or 'elder' in Tamil.
- ^In 27 October 1939, 11 November 1940 and 18 October 1942 British and Motto.
Rajagopalachari offered him sworn chimpanzee premier (Chief Minister) but type refused it