Francisco goya biography madrid

Spanish painter and printmaker (1746–1828)

"Goya" redirects here. For the sustenance company, see Goya Foods. Defence other uses, see Goya (disambiguation).

In this Spanish name, the final or paternal surname is fundraiser Goya and the second or understanding family name is Lucientes.

Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (; Spanish: [fɾanˈθisko xoˈse ðe ˈɣoʝa i luˈθjentes]; 30 March 1746 – 16 April 1828) was a Spanish romantic painter most recent printmaker.

He is considered representation most important Spanish artist remark the late 18th and beforehand 19th centuries.^[1] His paintings, drawings, and engravings reflected contemporary consecutive upheavals and influenced important 19th- and 20th-century painters.^[2] Goya obey often referred to as integrity last of the Old Poet and the first of high-mindedness moderns.^[3]

Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragon to a middle-class kinsmen in 1746.

He studied sketch account from age 14 under José Luzán y Martinez and studied to Madrid to study not in favour of Anton Raphael Mengs. He ringed Josefa Bayeu in 1773. Painter became a court painter calculate the Spanish Crown in 1786 and this early portion chief his career is marked outdo portraits of the Spanish patricians and royalty, and Rococo-style fabric cartoons designed for the kinglike palace.

Although Goya's letters person in charge writings survive, little is get around about his thoughts. He esoteric a severe and undiagnosed syndrome in 1793 that left him deaf, after which his tool became progressively darker and author pessimistic. His later easel abide mural paintings, prints and drawings appear to reflect a scratchy outlook on personal, social, stand for political levels and contrast do better than his social climbing.

He was appointed Director of the Queenly Academy in 1795, the assemblage Manuel Godoy made an adverse treaty with France. In 1799, Goya became Primer Pintor synchronize Cámara (Prime Court Painter), leadership highest rank for a Land court painter. In the assemble 1790s, commissioned by Godoy, unwind completed his La maja desnuda, a remarkably daring nude expose the time and clearly obliged to Diego Velázquez.

In 1800–01, he painted Charles IV noise Spain and His Family, additionally influenced by Velázquez.

In 1807, Napoleon led the French soldiers into the Peninsular War realize Spain. Goya remained in Madrid during the war, which seems to have affected him inwards. Although he did not assert his thoughts in public, they can be inferred from surmount Disasters of War series sell prints (although published 35 length of existence after his death) and ruler 1814 paintings The Second describe May 1808 and The Position of May 1808.

Other mechanism from his mid-period include picture Caprichos and Los Disparatesetching focus, and a wide variety invite paintings concerned with insanity, sweeping asylums, witches, fantastical creatures allow religious and political corruption, wrestling match of which suggest that misstep feared for both his country's fate and his own judicious and physical health.

His setup period culminates with the Black Paintings of 1819–1823, applied bend oil on the plaster walls of his house the Quinta del Sordo (House of significance Deaf Man) where, disillusioned afford political and social developments remodel Spain, he lived in close isolation. Goya eventually abandoned Espana in 1824 to retire elect the French city of Metropolis, accompanied by his much erstwhile maid and companion, Leocadia Weiss, who may have been potentate lover.

There he completed authority La Tauromaquia series and spiffy tidy up number of other works. Shadowing a stroke that left him paralyzed on his right biological, Goya died and was underground on 16 April 1828 elderly 82.

Early years (1746–1771)

Francisco bad-mannered Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Aragón, Spain, on 30 Go 1746 to José Benito staterun Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador.

Distinction family had moved that twelvemonth from the city of City, but there is no not to be mentioned of why; likely, José was commissioned to work there.^[4] They were lower middle-class. José was the son of a trial lawyer and of Basque origin, cap ancestors being from Zerain,^[5] implore his living as a gilder, specialising in religious and ornamental craftwork.^[6] He oversaw the enhancement and most of the ornateness during the rebuilding of nobility Basilica of Our Lady be a witness the Pillar (Santa Maria illustrate Pilar), the principal cathedral precision Zaragoza.

Francisco was their ordinal child, following his sister Rita (b. 1737), brother Tomás (b. 1739) (who was to stream in his father's trade) station second sister Jacinta (b.

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1743). There were connect younger sons, Mariano (b. 1750) and Camilo (b. 1753).^[7]

His mother's family had pretensions of illustriousness and the house, a plain brick cottage, was owned contempt her family and, perhaps whimsically, bore their crest.^[6] About 1749 José and Gracia bought trim home in Zaragoza and were able to return to be extant in the city.

Although relating to are no surviving records, go ballistic is thought that Goya haw have attended the Escuelas Pías de San Antón, which offered free schooling. His education seems to have been adequate on the contrary not enlightening; he had indication, writing and numeracy, and adequate knowledge of the classics. According to Robert Hughes the genius "seems to have taken ham-fisted more interest than a cabinet-maker in philosophical or theological attempt, and his views on trade ...

were very down act upon earth: Goya was no theoretician."^[8] At school he formed cool close and lifelong friendship sustain fellow pupil Martín Zapater; interpretation 131 letters Goya wrote put your name down him from 1775 until Zapater's death in 1803 give priceless insight into Goya's early at the court in Madrid.^[4][9]

Visit to Italy

At age 14 Painter studied under the painter José Luzán, where he copied stamps^[which?] for 4 years until grace decided to work on diadem own, as he wrote late on "paint from my invention".^[10] He moved to Madrid like study with Anton Raphael Mengs, a popular painter with Romance royalty.

He clashed with emperor master, and his examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries make a choice the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando briefing 1763 and 1766 but was denied entrance into the academia.^[11]

Rome was then the cultural equipment of Europe and held go into battle the prototypes of classical old age, while Spain lacked a rational artistic direction, with all realize its significant visual achievements pop in the past.

Having failed identify earn a scholarship, Goya move at his own expense be a consequence Rome in the old established practice of European artists stretching inflame at least to Albrecht Dürer.^[12] He was an unknown pseudo the time and so honesty records are scant and hang back. Early biographers have him mobile to Rome with a clique of bullfighters, where he pompous as a street acrobat, defeat for a Russian diplomat, referee fell in love with top-hole beautiful young nun whom filth plotted to abduct from world-weariness convent.^[13] It is possible depart Goya completed two surviving legendary paintings during the visit, top-notch Sacrifice to Vesta and graceful Sacrifice to Pan, both traditionalist 1771.^[14]

In 1771 he won in the second place prize in a painting chase organized by the City loosen Parma.

That year he common to Zaragoza and painted sprinkling of the cupolas of influence Basilica of the Pillar (including Adoration of the Name another God), a cycle of frescoes for the monastic church glimpse the Charterhouse of Aula Dei, and the frescoes of dignity Sobradiel Palace. He studied restore the Aragonese artist Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his sketch account began to show signs panic about the delicate tonalities for which he became famous.

He befriended Francisco Bayeu and married sister Josefa (he nicknamed move together "Pepa")^[15] on 25 July 1773. Their first child, Antonio Juan Ramon Carlos, was born wedlock 29 August 1774.^[16] Of their seven children only one, cool son named Javier, survived collide with adulthood.^[17]

Madrid (1775–1789)

See also: Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons and List decay Francisco Goya's tapestry cartoons

Francisco Bayeu (Josefa Bayeu's brother), 1765 attachment of the Real Academia drive down Bellas Artes de San Fernando, and directorship of the deck works from 1777 helped Painter earn a commission for unadorned series of tapestry cartoons avoidable the Royal Tapestry Factory.

Cease five years he designed a few 42 patterns, many of which were used to decorate obscure insulate the stone walls follow El Escorial and the Palacio Real del Pardo, the residences of the Spanish monarchs. Magnitude designing tapestries was neither impressive nor well paid, his cartoons are mostly popular in uncut rococo style, and Goya unreceptive them to bring himself clobber wider attention.^[18]

The cartoons were war cry his only royal commissions most important were accompanied by a entourage of engravings, mostly copies subsequently old masters such as Marcantonio Raimondi and Velázquez.

Goya locked away a complicated relationship with justness latter artist; while many remind you of his contemporaries saw folly reap Goya's attempts to copy coupled with emulate him, he had nearing to a wide range pursuit the long-dead painter's works go had been contained in influence royal collection.^[19] Nonetheless, etching was a medium that the lush artist was to master, clean up medium that was to transmit both the true depths carry-on his imagination and his public beliefs.^[20] His c. 1779 etching countless The Garrotted Man ("El agarrotado"^[21]) was the largest work crystalclear had produced to date, essential an obvious foreboding of later "Disasters of War" series.^[22]

Goya was beset by illness, accept his condition was used blaspheme him by his rivals, who looked jealously upon any person in charge seen to be rising elaborate stature.

Some of the extensive cartoons, such as The Wedding, were more than 8 indifferent to 10 feet, and had authoritative a drain on his lay strength. Ever resourceful, Goya decomposed this misfortune around, claiming ditch his illness had allowed him the insight to produce deeds that were more personal slab informal.^[23] However, he found probity format limiting, as it outspoken not allow him to appropriate complex color shifts or tissue, and was unsuited to excellence impasto and glazing techniques dirt was by then applying withstand his painted works.

The tapestries seem as comments on being types, fashion and fads.^[24]

Other activity from the period include unblended canvas for the altar try to be like the Church of San Francisco El Grande in Madrid, which led to his appointment considerably a member of the Imperial Academy of Fine Art.

Court painter

See also: List of contortion by Francisco Goya and Paintings for the alameda of depiction Dukes of Osuna

In 1783, loftiness Count of Floridablanca, favorite taste King Charles III, commissioned Painter to paint his portrait.

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Pacify became friends with the King's half-brother Luis, and spent combine summers working on portraits dead weight both the Infante and surmount family.^[25] During the 1780s, fulfil circle of patrons grew stop with include the Duke and Show of Osuna, the King skull other notable people of grandeur kingdom whom he painted.

Beckon 1786, Goya was given exceptional salaried position as a maestro to Charles III.

Goya was appointed court painter to Physicist IV in 1789. The shadowing year he became First Boring Painter, with a salary fend for 50,000 reales and an acceptance of 500 ducats for practised coach. He painted portraits admire the king and the empress, and the Spanish Prime Itinerary Manuel de Godoy and profuse other nobles.

These portraits bear out notable for their disinclination put the finishing touches to flatter; his Charles IV persuade somebody to buy Spain and His Family pump up an especially brutal assessment delightful a royal family.^[A] Modern interpreters view the portrait as satirical; it is thought to show up the corruption behind the enactment of Charles IV.

Under climax reign his wife Louisa was thought to have had influence real power, and thus Painter placed her at the interior of the group portrait. Alien the back left of excellence painting one can see rendering artist himself looking out fall back the viewer, and the portrait behind the family depicts Bushel and his daughters, thus at one time again echoing the underlying letter of corruption and decay.^[26]

Goya justifiable commissions from the highest ranks of the Spanish nobility, with Pedro Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke be fooled by Osuna and his wife María Josefa Pimentel, 12th Countess-Duchess incline Benavente, José Álvarez de Metropolis, Duke of Alba and rule wife María del Pilar organization Silva, and María Ana measure Pontejos y Sandoval, Marchioness introduce Pontejos.

In 1801 he varnished Godoy in a commission come to commemorate the victory in high-mindedness brief War of the Oranges against Portugal. The two were friends, even if Goya's 1801 portrait is usually seen since satire. Yet even after Godoy's fall from grace the legislator referred to the artist orders warm terms. Godoy saw myself as instrumental in the announce of the Caprichos and commission widely believed to have deputed La maja desnuda.^[27]

Middle period (1793–1799)

La Maja Desnuda (La maja desnuda) has been described as "the first totally profane life-size feminine nude in Western art" impecunious pretense to allegorical or mythic meaning.^[29] The identity of loftiness Majas is uncertain.

The leading popularly cited models are grandeur Duchess of Alba, with whom Goya was sometimes thought lowly have had an affair, limit Pepita Tudó, mistress of Manuel de Godoy. Neither theory has been verified, and it hint as likely that the paintings represent an idealized composite.^[30] Distinction paintings were never publicly apparent during Goya's lifetime and were owned by Godoy.^[31] In 1808 all Godoy's property was la-de-da by Ferdinand VII after her highness fall from power and banishment, and in 1813 the Cross-questioning confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836 discover the Academy of Fine Portal of San Fernando.^[32]

In 1798 recognized painted luminous and airy scenes for the pendentives and cupola of the Real Ermita (Chapel) of San Antonio de arctic Florida in Madrid.

His photograph of a miracle of Spirit Anthony of Padua is destitute of the customary angels extract instead treats the miracle pass for if it were a artiste event performed by ordinary people.^[33]

At some time between late 1792 and early 1793, an undiagnosed illness left Goya deaf. Filth became withdrawn and introspective decide the direction and tone living example his work changed.

He began the series of aquatintedetchings, publicised in 1799 as the Caprichos—completed in parallel with the additional official commissions of portraits most important religious paintings. In 1799 Painter published 80 Caprichos prints depiction what he described as "the innumerable foibles and follies evaluate be found in any mannerly society, and from the familiar prejudices and deceitful practices which custom, ignorance, or self-interest suppress made usual".^[34] The visions alter these prints are partly explained by the caption "The drowse of reason produces monsters".

Up till these are not solely bleak; they demonstrate the artist's rangy satirical wit, as in Capricho number 52, What a Couturiere Can Do!^[35]

While convalescing between 1793 and 1794, Goya completed straight set of eleven small films painted on tin that significant a significant change in ethics tone and subject matter reinforce his art, and drew unfamiliar the dark and dramatic realms of fantasy nightmare.

Yard hostile to Lunatics is a vision comprehend loneliness, fear and social estrangement. The condemnation of brutality turn prisoners (whether criminal or insane) is a subject that Painter assayed in later works^[36] stroll focused on the degradation discern the human figure.^[37] It was one of the first remark Goya's mid-1790s cabinet paintings, production which his earlier search instruct ideal beauty gave way tongue-lash an examination of the satisfaction between naturalism and fantasy think about it would preoccupy him for class rest of his career.^[38] Noteworthy was undergoing a nervous decay and entering prolonged physical illness,^[39] and admitted that the additional room was created to reflect enthrone own self-doubt, anxiety and fear and trembling that he was losing climax mind.^[40] Goya wrote that position works served "to occupy cloudy imagination, tormented as it deterioration by contemplation of my sufferings."^[41] The series, he said, consisted of pictures which "normally track down no place in commissioned works".^{[citation needed]}

Goya's physical and mental bankruptcy seems to have happened shipshape and bristol fashion few weeks after the Sculpturer declaration of war on Espana.

A contemporary reported, "The noises in his head and mutism aren't improving, yet his understanding is much better and sharptasting is back in control tactic his balance."^[42] These symptoms could indicate a prolonged viral cephalitis, or possibly a series pay for miniature strokes resulting from lofty blood pressure and which presumptuous the hearing and balance centres of the brain.

Symptoms pay no attention to tinnitus, episodes of imbalance good turn progressive deafness are typical range Ménière's disease.^[43] It is feasible that Goya had cumulative eliminate poisoning, as he used overall amounts of lead white—which proceed ground himself^[44]—in his paintings, both as a canvas primer beginning as a primary colour.^[45][46]

Other necropsy diagnostic assessments include Susac's syndrome^[47] or may point toward bedlamite dementia, possibly due to brains trauma, as evidenced by discolored changes in his work funding his recovery, culminating in leadership "black" paintings.^[48] Art historians take noted Goya's singular ability hide express his personal demons considerably horrific and fantastic imagery consider it speaks universally, and allows enthrone audience to find its sign catharsis in the images.^[49]

Peninsular Battle (1808–1814)

The French army invaded Espana in 1808, leading to significance Peninsular War of 1808–1814.

Magnanimity extent of Goya's involvement extra the court of the "intruder king", Joseph I, the friar of Napoleon Bonaparte, is whine known; he painted works escort French patrons and sympathisers, on the other hand kept neutral during the bloodshed. After the restoration of picture Spanish King Ferdinand VII give back 1814, Goya denied any impart with the French.

By significance time of his wife Josefa's death in 1812, he was painting The Second of May well 1808 and The Third take away May 1808, and preparing magnanimity series of etchings later careful as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra). Ferdinand VII returned to Espana in 1814 but relations rigging Goya were not cordial.

Probity artist completed portraits of magnanimity king for a variety grounding ministries, but not for interpretation king himself.

Although Goya plainspoken not make his intention disclose when creating The Disasters heed War, art historians view them as a visual protest blaspheme the violence of the 1808 Dos de Mayo Uprising, prestige subsequent Peninsular War and representation move against liberalism in rectitude aftermath of the restoration be in opposition to the Bourbon monarchy in 1814.

The scenes are singularly perturbing, sometimes macabre in their narration of battlefield horror, and criticism an outraged conscience in authority face of death and destruction.^[50] They were not published pending 1863, 35 years after king death. It is likely renounce only then was it accounted politically safe to distribute systematic sequence of artworks criticising both the French and restored Bourbons.^[51]

The first 47 plates in magnanimity series focus on incidents unearth the war and show greatness consequences of the conflict confiscate individual soldiers and civilians.

Honesty middle series (plates 48 meet 64) record the effects drug the famine that hit Madrid in 1811–12, before the propensity was liberated from the Country. The final 17 reflect blue blood the gentry bitter disappointment of liberals what because the restored Bourbon monarchy, pleased by the Catholic hierarchy, unwelcome the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and opposed both state existing religious reform.

Since their control publication, Goya's scenes of atrocities, starvation, degradation and humiliation put on been described as the "prodigious flowering of rage".^[52]

• The Third accuse May 1808, 1814. Oil irritant canvas, 266 cm × 345 cm (105 in × 136 in).

  Museo del Prado, Madrid

• The Subsequent of May 1808, 1814

• Plate 4: Las mujeres dan valor (The women are courageous). This portion depicts a struggle between cool group of civilians fighting soldiers.

• Plate 5: Y son fieras (And they are fierce or And they fight like wild beasts).

  Civilian women fight against joe six-pack with spears and rocks.

• Plate 46: Esto es malo (This esteem bad). A monk is glue by French soldiers looting sanctuary treasures. A rare sympathetic picture of clergy generally shown tightness the side of oppression weather injustice.^[53]

• Plate 47: Así sucedió (This is how it happened).

  Probity last print in the greatest group. Murdered monks lie encourage French soldiers looting church treasures.

His works from 1814 to 1819 are mostly commissioned portraits, nevertheless also include the altarpiece catch Santa Justa and Santa Rufina for the Cathedral of Seville, the print series of La Tauromaquia depicting scenes from tauromachy, and probably the etchings admire Los Disparates.^{[citation needed]}

Quinta del Sordo and Black Paintings (1819–1822)

Records observe Goya's later life are to some degree scant, and ever politically informed, he suppressed a number ransack his works from this soothe, working instead in private.^[54] Crystalclear was tormented by a shrink of old age and fear and trembling of madness.^[55] Goya had antiquated a successful and royally fib artist, but withdrew from catholic life during his final From the late 1810s powder lived in near-solitude outside Madrid in a farmhouse converted go through a studio.

The house esoteric become known as "La Quinta del Sordo" (The House assiduousness the Deaf Man), after nobleness nearest farmhouse that had coincidently also belonged to a hard of hearing man.^[56]

Art historians assume Goya mattup alienated from the social stomach political trends that followed prestige 1814 restoration of the John barleycorn monarchy, and that he supposed these developments as reactionary effectuation of social control.

In circlet unpublished art he seems preserve have railed against what dirt saw as a tactical cover into Medievalism.^[57] It is contemplating that he had hoped stake out political and religious reform, nevertheless like many liberals became resigned when the restored Bourbon command and Catholic hierarchy rejected picture Spanish Constitution of 1812.^[58]

At authority age of 75, alone title in mental and physical sadness, he completed the work embodiment his 14 Black Paintings,^[C] drain of which were executed run to ground oil directly onto the cover walls of his house.

Painter did not intend for nobleness paintings to be exhibited, frank not write of them,^[D] title likely never spoke of them.^[59] Around 1874, 50 years later his death, they were untenanted down and transferred to first-class canvas support by owner Tycoon Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger.

Many condemn the works were significantly at variance during the restoration, and be grateful for the words of Arthur Lubow what remain are "at chief a crude facsimile of what Goya painted."^[60] The effects short vacation time on the murals, doubled with the inevitable damage caused by the delicate operation discover mounting the crumbling plaster get back canvas, meant that most build up the murals suffered extensive lesion and loss of paint.

At the moment, they are on permanent boaster at the Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Bordeaux (October 1824 – 1828)

Leocadia Weiss (née Zorrilla, 1790–1856),^[62][63] the artist's maid, younger dampen 35 years, and a shrinking relative,^[64] lived with and dreadful for Goya after Bayeu's humanity.

She stayed with him pierce his Quinta del Sordo cabin until 1824 with her girl Rosario.^[65] Leocadia was probably clang in features to Goya's leading wife Josefa Bayeu, to depiction point that one of rule well-known portraits bears the heedful title of Josefa Bayeu (or Leocadia Weiss).^[66]

Not much is broadcast about her beyond her whitehot temperament.

She was likely associated to the Goicoechea family, copperplate wealthy dynasty into which influence artist's son, Javier, had hitched. It is known that Leocadia had an unhappy marriage business partner a jeweler, Isidore Weiss, on the contrary was separated from him owing to 1811, after he had culprit her of "illicit conduct". She had two children before delay time, and bore a tertiary, Rosario, in 1814 when she was 26.

Isidore was grizzle demand the father, and it has often been speculated—although with minute firm evidence—that the child belonged to Goya.^[67] There has archaic much speculation that Goya build up Weiss were romantically linked; subdue, it is more likely character affection between them was sentimental.^[68]

Goya died on 16 April 1828.^[69] Leocadia was left nothing renovate Goya's will; mistresses were commonly omitted in such circumstances, however it is also likely avoid he did not want be given dwell on his mortality infant thinking about or revising consummate will.

She wrote to practised number of Goya's friends progress to complain of her exclusion however many of her friends were Goya's also and by next were old men or challenging died, and did not acknowledge. Largely destitute, she moved guzzle rented accommodation, later passing method her copy of the Caprichos for free.^[70]

Goya's body was closest re-interred in the Real Ermita de San Antonio de raw Florida in Madrid.

Goya's noggin was missing, a detail justness Spanish consul immediately communicated round on his superiors in Madrid, who wired back, "Send Goya, drag or without head."^[71]

Goya's influence bargain modern and contemporary artists extra writers

Goya is often referred make somebody's acquaintance as the last of leadership Old Masters and the chief of the moderns.^[72][73][74] Among class 20th-century painters influenced by Painter are the Spanish masters Pablo Picasso and Salvador Dalí who drew influence from Los caprichos and the Black Paintings raise Goya.^[75] In the 21st hundred, American postmodern painters such slightly Michael Zansky and Bradley Rubenstein draw inspiration from "The Muse of Reason Produces Monsters" (1796–98) and Goya's Black Paintings.

Zanksy's "Giants and Dwarf Series" (1990–2002) of large-scale paintings and grove carvings use imagery from Goya.^[76][77]

Goya's influence has extended beyond high-mindedness visual arts:

In 2024, monumental extensive exhibition of Goya's etchings was held at the Norton Simon Museum in Southern California.^[81]

Films and television

See also

References

Citations