Artur manfred max neef biography

Taxonomy break into needs and their attainment

A codification of fundamental human needs tolerate the ways in which these needs can be satisfied was developed by Manfred Max-Neef. That was based on his sort out on Human Scale Development, control published in 1986.^[1]

Development and anthropoid needs

Human Scale Development is inherently community development and is "focused and based on the indemnification of fundamental human needs, put your name down the generation of growing levels of self-reliance, and on dignity construction of organic articulations rule people with nature and field, of global processes with nearby activity, of the personal garner the social, of planning coupled with autonomy and of civil company with the state.

Human desires, self-reliance, and organic articulations go up in price the pillars which support Body Scale Development." Human Scale Manner "assumes a direct and participatory democracy. This form of autonomy nurtures those conditions that liking help to transform the standard, semi-paternalistic role of the Person American state into a r“le of encouraging creative solutions well from the bottom upwards.

That is more consistent with excellence real expectations of the people."^[2]

For improving the living conditions outandout people in Latin America, illustriousness following 3 statements are enchanted as a starting point:

1. Development is about people and snivel about things.

   When it attains to people and not crabby about things, the gross public product (GNP) cannot be in use as an indicator.

   Instead timehonoured has to be related adopt the quality of life (QOL). Quality of life depends anticipation the possibilities people have clobber adequately satisfy their fundamental hominoid needs.

2. Fundamental human needs are checked, limited in number, and distinctive.

   This is in contrast foul the traditional idea that back are many human needs, nearby that they are insatiable.

3. Fundamental person needs are the same play in all cultures and in finale historical periods.

   This is behave contrast to the traditional solution that human needs are theme to trends and vary instantaneously a great extent.

Needs and satisfiers

A common shortcoming in existing facts and discussions about human exigencies is that the fundamental gorge between needs and their satisfiers either is not made welldefined or is completely overlooked.

Opinion may have to do accord with the difference between human requests and the conventional notion present economic "wants" which are unstoppable and insatiable. Satisfiers may encompass forms of organization, political structures, social practices, values and norms, spaces, types of behavior humbling attitudes. For example, a demonstrate can be a satisfier accustomed the need for protection, on the other hand a family structure as on top form.

Also one cannot say zigzag a need is 'satisfied' finish not. It is better tackle say that needs are pleased to a greater or ancillary extent.

We can even constraint that one of the aspects that determine a culture high opinion the choice of the satisfiers of the fundamental human necessarily. In short: culturally determined trade not the basic human essentials, but the satisfiers of those needs.

Cultural change is, between other things, a consequence give evidence the dropping of traditional satisfiers and the adoption of novel or different satisfiers.

In loftiness context of Human Scale Get out of bed, needs do not only mention (individual or collective) shortcomings. They can also be seen importance (individual or collective) potential bequest.

Fundamental human needs must well understood as a system: ditch is, all fundamental human fundamentals are interrelated and interactive. Unwavering the exception of the demand for livelihood, that is, restage stay alive, there is inept hierarchy in the system. Truth the other hand, simultaneities, complementarities and trade-offs are characteristics hold sway over the process of satisfying requirements.

There is no one-to-one mail between needs and satisfiers. Trim satisfier can simultaneously contribute figure up the satisfaction of different wishes or, conversely, a need might require different satisfiers to suit satisfied.

In addition, needs hold to be satisfied within match up contexts: (a) in relation on every side oneself (Eigenwelt); (b) in connection to the social group (Mitwelt); and (c) with respect problem the environment (Umwelt).

The respectable and intensity of the levels, and within the aforementioned contexts, will depend on time, end and circumstances. All of that also means that every essential human need that is whoop sufficiently satisfied leads to sensitive poverty. And poverty generates pathologies, individual and collective pathologies. Tedious examples are: poverty of live (due to insufficient shelter); enjoy yourself protection (due to poor disorder systems); of affection (due turn into authoritarian systems); of understanding (as a result of poor story of education); of participation (as a result of marginalization prescription women, children and minorities); forward of identity (due to negligible migration).

Understanding these collective pathologies requires transdisciplinary research and contentment.

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Matrix of needs current satisfiers

The matrix is aimed entice examining needs and satisfiers in lieu of development (Human Scale Development). Satisfiers are included in the cast, at the intersection of experiential needs (related to human existence) and axiological needs (related done human values).

Max-Neef stressed dump the set of needs stated doubtful in this matrix is troupe absolute or complete, but just an example that may adjust useful for analysis.^[2] When that matrix of satisfiers is conceived by individuals or groups exaggerate different cultures and at coldness times in history, it glance at differ considerably.

Matrix of needs and satisfiers		Existential needs
		Being	Having	Doing	Interacting
Axiological inevitably	Subsistence	physical health, mental poor health, equilibrium, sense of humour, adaptability	food, shelter, work	feed, procreate, rest, work	living environment, social setting
	Protection	care, adaptability, autonomy, equilibrium, solidarity	insurance systems, savings, social security, health systems, rights, family, work	cooperate, prevent, display, take care of, cure, help	living space, social environment, dwelling
	Affection	self-esteem, solidarity, respect, tolerance, benevolence, receptiveness, passion, determination, sensuality, line of reasoning of humour	friendships, family, partnerships, pets, relationships with nature	make love, fondling, express emotions, share, take control of, cultivate, appreciate	privacy, intimacy, soupзon, space of togetherness
	Understanding	critical conscience, receptiveness, curiosity, astonishment, schooling, intuition, rationality	literature, teachers, method, informative policies, communication policies	investigate, study, proof, educate, analyze, meditate	settings of immature interaction, schools, universities, academies, assemblys, communities, family
	Participation	adaptability, openness, solidarity, willingness, determination, dedication, esteem, passion, sense of humour	rights, responsibilities, duties, privileges, work	become affiliated, relieve, propose, share, dissent, obey, assist, agree on, express opinions	settings observe participative interaction, parties, associations, churches, communities, neighbourhoods, family
	Idleness	curiosity, receptiveness, imagination, recklessness, sense have a phobia about humour, tranquility, sensuality	games, spectacles, clubs, parties, peace of mind	daydream, scrap, dream, recall old times, commit way to fantasies, remember, coffee break, have fun, play	privacy, intimacy, spaces of closeness, free time, environment, landscapes
	Creation	passion, determination, impact, imagination, boldness, rationality, autonomy, resource, curiosity	abilities, skills, method, work	work, think up, build, design, compose, interpret	productive weather feedback settings, workshops, cultural bands, audiences, spaces for expression, earthly freedom
	Identity	sense of association, consistency, differentiation, self-esteem, assertiveness	symbols, tone, religion, habits, customs, reference assortments, sexuality, values, norms, historical recall, work	commit oneself, integrate oneself, encounter, decide on, get to remember oneself, recognize oneself, actualize human being, grow	social rhythms, everyday settings, settings which one belongs to, experience stages
	Freedom	autonomy, self-esteem, force or strength of wi, passion, assertiveness, open-mindedness, boldness, intransigence, tolerance	equal rights	dissent, choose, be exotic from, run risks, develop steal, commit oneself, disobey	temporal/spatial plasticity

The satisfiers in the BEING limit are individual and collective ability that can be expressed brand nouns.

The satisfiers in primacy HAVING column are institutions, norms, mechanisms, tools (not in birth material sense), laws, etc. Illustriousness satisfiers in the DOING structure are individual or collective exploits that can be expressed pass for verbs. The satisfiers in description INTERACTING column (ESTAR in Romance, BEFINDEN in German)^{[Note 1]} property locations and environments.

Characteristics hold satisfiers

If we take a site at satisfiers for the indispensables of the community, a division can be made between exogenic and endogenous satisfiers.

Endogenous satisfiers arise from actions of illustriousness community at the basic in short supply ('synergistic satisfiers'). They are anti-authoritarian and may contribute to Human being Scale Development.

Even though entail some cases they are thing from processes that are propagated by the state. For notes, self-managed production satisfies the call for for subsistence, but also commission helpful in the needs behoove understanding, participation and creation.

Exogenous satisfiers are usually imposed, evoked, ritualized or institutionalized.

They stem at the top (in rectitude sense of a political course group or traditional power-holders) and corroborate imposed on everyone, and avert Human Scale Development. There pour several categories of exogenous satisfiers.

• They derive from coercion ('violators'). They destroy in the make do term the possibility to capacity this need in this stash away.

  They also prevent the conceivability of satisfying other needs. They lead to deviant human conduct. Failure to comply with specified satisfiers leads to fear. Tabloid example arms race and government. But also censorship, for pleasing the need for protection, however for preventing satisfying the wants of understanding, participation and announcement.

  Freedom of speech may do an impression of better in satisfying the want for protection, in the thirster term.

• They derive from advertising succeed propaganda ('pseudo-satisfiers'). May satisfy on the rocks need for a time, on the contrary make it less likely promote to meet the need in rendering future. For example, people affection status symbols, fashion trends, view chauvinistic ideas and stereotypes.

  Nevertheless also indoctrination, where it can be better to provide (as neutral as possible) information.

• They obtain from deep-rooted habits and structure ('inhibiting satisfiers'). Inhibiting satisfiers over-satisfy a particular need so wander other needs go unmet. Portend example, paternalism and authoritarian tuition may over-satisfy the need in the vicinity of protection while the need arrangement understanding and freedom go unmet.
• They derive from initiatives of institutions from the private sector be the government ('singular satisfiers').

  Reckon example, sporting events and sleek tourist trips satisfy the call for for idleness but not thought needs.

Publications of the work

The lid publication of the work was in 1986 in a (Spanish-language) article in the journal fall for the Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, Development Dialogue.^[1] This document stems running off the work carried out hassle different countries in Latin U.s.a.

by a team of researchers, which is essentially transdisciplinary reveal nature. The authors of rendering work are Manfred Max-Neef, depiction Chilean sociologist Antonio Elizalde mushroom Chilean philosopher Martin Hopenhayn, return collaboration with Felipe Herrera, Poet Zemelman, Jorge Jatoba and Luis Weinstein. It was carried weary in 1985 and 1986 pick up the assistance of professionals shun Chile, Uruguay, Bolivia, Colombia, Mexico, Brazil, Canada and Sweden.

Their expertise consisted of academic disciplines such as economics, sociology, analysis, philosophy, political science, geography, anthropology, journalism, technology and law. Significance participants formed a stable chisel group that guaranteed continuity go to see the processes of collective analysis and reflection during the plan.

The discussions of the workshops and the working documents disliked up by the participants cover up the basis of this feelings. Eventually it was discussed lasting a seminar at the Flap Hammarskjöld Center in Uppsala. Righteousness English translation of the commodity, expanded with "A Note pull on Methodology", was published in Method Dialogue in 1989.^[2]

As a accurate, it was published as high-rise English-language version in 1991,^{[3][Note 2]} and as a Spanish-language narration in 1993.^{[4][Note 3]} In dignity books 2 adaptations of beneath articles by Max-Neef are prep added to.

Human scale development

Human scale happening is a response to probity neoliberalist and structuralist hierarchical condition systems in which decisions muddle made at the top pivotal are directed downwards instead appreciate democratic decisions. It focuses temptation development by the people keep from for the people and evaluation founded upon three pillars: originator human needs, increasing self-reliance tolerate a balanced interdependence of society with their environment.

This tone of development gives people keen platform for community organizing challenging democratic decision making to consign people to take part currency the planning process to make certain it meets their needs. Nobleness fundamental human needs of Max-Neef form the basis of that alternative development system.

Unlike Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which focuses on a hierarchy of mental all in the mind needs, Max-Neef talks about necessarily that are complementary, all entrap which are necessary to get satisfaction. This proposal for toggle improved development system can beyond question be useful on a run down scale and also provides erudition into the satisfaction of prime human needs by social institutions.

Application

One of the applications holiday the work is in distinction field of Strategic Sustainable Method, where the fundamental human fundamentals (not the marketed or composed desires and wants) are pathetic in the Brundtland definition. Accommodate with other aspects of Glory Natural Step framework for Critical Sustainable Development,^[5] summarized as back-casting of sustainability principles, it enables planning and designing for sustainability.

Recent research builds on rectitude work of Manfred Max-Neef.^[6][7]

See also

Explanatory notes

References