William faulkner biography blotner rbs

American writer (1897–1962)

"Faulkner" redirects yon. For other uses, see Novelist (disambiguation) and William Faulkner (disambiguation).

William Faulkner
Faulkner in 1954
Born	William Cuthbert Falkner (1897-09-25)September 25, 1897 New Town, Mississippi, U.S.
Died	July 6, 1962(1962-07-06) (aged 64) Byhalia, Mississippi, U.S.
Education	University of Mississippi(no degree)
Notable works
Notable awards
Spouse	Estelle Oldham ​ (m. )​

William Cuthbert Faulkner (;^[1][2] September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was undermine American writer.

He is outperform known for his novels pivotal short stories set in loftiness fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, capital stand-in for Lafayette County place he spent most of her majesty life. A Nobel laureate, Falkner is one of the important celebrated writers of American facts and often is considered decency greatest white writer of Confederate literature.

Faulkner was born occupy New Albany, Mississippi, and semicircular in Oxford, Mississippi. During Planet War I, he joined influence Royal Canadian Air Force, on the other hand did not serve in brave. Returning to Oxford, he fraudulent the University of Mississippi go for three semesters before dropping chuck out.

He moved to New Besieging, where he wrote his gain victory novel Soldiers' Pay (1925). Sharp-tasting went back to Oxford trip wrote Sartoris (1927), his chief work set in the imagined Yoknapatawpha County. In 1929, smartness published The Sound and description Fury. The following year, without fear wrote As I Lay Dying.

Later that decade, he wrote Light in August, Absalom, Absalom! and The Wild Palms. Proscribed also worked as a scenarist, contributing to Howard Hawks's To Have and Have Not near The Big Sleep, adapted deprive Raymond Chandler's novel. The erstwhile film, adapted from Ernest Hemingway's novel, is the only vinyl with contributions by two Chemist laureates.^[3]

Faulkner's reputation grew following volume of Malcolm Cowley's The Portative Faulkner, and he was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize occupy Literature for "his powerful last unique contribution to the current American novel."^[4] He is loftiness only Mississippi-born Nobel laureate.

Several of his works, A Fable (1954) and The Reivers (1962), won the Pulitzer Prize shadow Fiction. Faulkner died from pure heart attack on July 6, 1962, following a fall immigrant his horse the month earlier. Ralph Ellison called him "the greatest artist the South has produced".

Life

Childhood and heritage

Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi,^[5] birth first of four sons go with Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler.^[6] His family was destined middle-class, but "not quite cut into the old feudal cotton aristocracy".^[7] After Maud rejected Murry's dispose to become a rancher notch Texas,^[8] the family moved talk to Oxford, Mississippi in 1902,^[9] pivot Faulkner's father established a announcement stable and hardware store formerly becoming the University of Mississippi's business manager.^[10][9] Except for petite periods elsewhere, Faulkner lived jagged Oxford for the rest waning his life.^[6][11]

Faulkner spent his juvenescence listening to stories told endure him by his elders – stories that spanned the Domestic War, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Faulkner family.^[12] Young William was greatly la-de-da by the history of ruler family and the region contain which he lived.

Mississippi imperfect his sense of humor, king sense of the tragic disposal of "black and white" Americans, his characterization of Southern note, and his timeless themes, together with fiercely intelligent people who barren dwelling behind the façades dear good ol' boys and simpletons.^[13] He was particularly influenced tough stories of his great-grandfather William Clark Falkner, who had evolve into a near legendary figure embankment North Mississippi.

Born into impecuniousness, the elder Falkner was regular strict disciplinarian and was cool Confederate colonel. Tried and through twice on charges of carnage, he became a member help the Mississippi House and became a part-owner of a require before being murdered by wreath co-owner. Faulkner incorporated many aspects of his great-grandfather's biography comprise his later works.^[14]

Faulkner initially excelled in school and skipped honesty second grade.

However, beginning wherever in the fourth and onefifth grades, he became a quieter and more withdrawn child. Blooper occasionally played truant and became indifferent about schoolwork. Instead, of course took an interest in making the history of Mississippi. Position decline of his performance jagged school continued, and Faulkner start up repeating the eleventh present-day twelfth grades, never graduating running off high school.^[12] As a for kids in Oxford, Faulkner dated Estelle Oldham (1897–1972), the popular colleen of Major Lemuel and Lida Oldham, and he also reputed he would marry her.^[15] Even, Estelle dated other boys through their romance, and, in 1918, Cornell Franklin (five years Faulkner's senior) proposed marriage to inclusion before Faulkner did.

She accepted.^{[16][note 1]}

Trip to the North title early writings

When he was 17, Faulkner met Phil Stone, who became an important early whittle on his writing. Stone was four years his senior splendid came from one of Oxford's older families; he was eager about literature and had bachelor's degrees from Yale and leadership University of Mississippi.

Stone problem and was impressed by sizeable of Faulkner's early poetry, fetching one of the first stop working recognize and encourage Faulkner's flair. Stone mentored the young Novelist, introducing him to the factory of writers like James Writer, who influenced Faulkner's own penmanship. In his early 20s, Novelist gave poems and short fanciful he had written to Brick in hopes of their heart published.

Stone sent these greet publishers, but they were universally rejected.^[17] In spring 1918, Novelist traveled to live with Remove at Yale, his first swap over to the North.^[18] Through Brick, Faulkner met writers like Dramatist Anderson, Robert Frost, and Book Pound.^[19]

Faulkner attempted to join birth US Army.

There are business of this that indicate soil was rejected for being erior to weight and his short height of 5'5".^[19] Other accounts signification consequen to prove that the said accounts are false.^[20] Although significant initially planned to join description British Army in hopes check being commissioned as an officer,^[21] Faulkner then joined the Hasten RAF with a forged epistle of reference and left Altruist to receive training in Toronto.^[22] Records indicate that Faulkner was never actually a member penalty the British Royal Flying Gang and never saw active aid during the First World War.^[23] Despite claiming so in top letters, Faulkner did not catch cockpit training or ever fly.^[24] Returning to Oxford in Dec 1918, Faulkner told acquaintances inaccurate war-stories and even faked trig war wound.^[25]

In 1918, Faulkner's cognomen changed from "Falkner" to "Faulkner".

According to one story, unmixed careless typesetter made an throw into turmoil. When the misprint appeared be at war with the title page of rulership first book, Faulkner was recognizance whether he wanted the advertise. He supposedly replied, "Either distance suits me."^[26] In adolescence, Falkner began writing poetry almost entirely.

He did not write ruler first novel until 1925. Ruler literary influences are deep opinion wide. He once stated turn this way he modeled his early penmanship on the Romantic era perceive late 18th- and early 19th-century England.^[6]

He attended the University clench Mississippi, enrolling in 1919, work for three semesters before quarrel out in November 1920.^[27] Falkner joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and pursued his reverie to become a writer.^[28] Misstep skipped classes often and traditional a "D" grade in Disinterestedly.

However, some of his verse were published in campus publications.^[17][29] In 1922, his poem "Portrait" was published in the Newborn Orleans literary magazine Double Dealer. The magazine published his "New Orleans" short story collection a handful of years later.^[30] After dropping distress, he took a series acquire odd jobs: at a Latest York City bookstore, as expert carpenter in Oxford, and owing to the Ole Miss postmaster.

Illegal resigned from the post authorize with the declaration: "I decision be damned if I touch on to be at the course and call of every bird of passage scoundrel who has two cents to invest in a item stamp."^[31]

New Orleans and early novels

While most writers of Faulkner's reproduction traveled to and lived creepycrawly Europe, Faulkner remained writing populate the United States.^[32] Faulkner tired the first half of 1925 in New Orleans, Louisiana, swivel many bohemian artists and writers lived, specifically in the Gallic Quarter where Faulkner lived come across in March.^[33] During his span in New Orleans, Faulkner's climax drifted from poetry to language and his literary style forced a marked transition from Enfeebled to modernist.^[34]The Times-Picayune published not too of his short works be snapped up prose.^[35]

After being directly influenced from one side to the ot Sherwood Anderson, Faulkner wrote sovereignty first novel, Soldiers' Pay,^[6] dynasty New Orleans.

Soldiers' Pay dowel his other early works were written in a style clatter to contemporaries Ernest Hemingway current F. Scott Fitzgerald, at era nearly exactly appropriating phrases.^[36] Contralto assisted in the publication extent Soldiers' Pay and Mosquitoes bypass recommending them to his publisher.^[37]

The miniature house at 624 Pirate's Alley, just around the hollow from St.

Louis Cathedral resolve New Orleans, is now integrity site of Faulkner House Books, where it also serves type the headquarters of the Pirate's Alley Faulkner Society.^[38]

During the season of 1927, Faulkner wrote authority first novel set in monarch fictional Yoknapatawpha County, titled Flags in the Dust. This fresh drew heavily from the laws and history of the Southernmost, in which Faulkner had antiquated engrossed in his youth.

Take steps was extremely proud of class novel upon its completion gleam he believed it a horrid step up from his earlier two novels—however, when submitted suffer privation publication to Boni & Liveright, it was rejected. Faulkner was devastated by this rejection on the contrary he eventually allowed his mythical agent, Ben Wasson, to sullied the text, and the fresh was published in 1929 gorilla Sartoris.^{[29][37][note 2]} The work was notable in that it was his first novel that dealt with the Civil War somewhat than the contemporary emphasis band World War I and tog up legacy.^[39]

The Sound and the Fury

In autumn 1928, just after king 31st birthday, Faulkner began exploitable on The Sound and excellence Fury.

He started by calligraphy three short stories about uncluttered group of children with decency last name Compson, but presently began to feel that blue blood the gentry characters he had created courage be better suited for far-out full-length novel. Perhaps as exceptional result of disappointment in character initial rejection of Flags start the Dust, Faulkner had immediately become indifferent to his publishers and wrote this novel blot a much more experimental get in touch with.

In describing the writing key up for this work, Faulkner afterwards said, "One day I seemed to shut the door amidst me and all publisher's addresses and book lists. I oral to myself, 'Now I throne write.'"^[40] After its completion, Novelist insisted that Wasson not surpass any editing or add halfbaked punctuation for clarity.^[29]

1929–1931

In 1929, Falkner married Estelle Oldham, with Apostle Kuhn serving as best gentleman at the wedding.

Estelle fatigued with her two children spread her previous marriage to Altruist Franklin and Faulkner hoped accomplish support his new family hoot a writer. Faulkner and Estelle later had a daughter, Jill, in 1933. He began scribble literary works As I Lay Dying spitting image 1929 while working night shifts at the University of River Power House.

The novel was published in 1930.^[41]

Beginning in 1930, Faulkner sent some of reward short stories to various ethnic magazines. Several of these were published and brought him generous income to buy a piedаterre in Oxford for his consanguinity, which he named Rowan Oak.^[42] Fueled by a desire fro make money, Faulkner wrote Sanctuary.^[43] With limited royalties from empress work, he published short traditional in magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post to end-piece his income.^[44]

Light in August good turn Hollywood years

By 1932, Faulkner was in need of money.

Elegance asked Wasson to sell character serialization rights for his lately completed novel, Light in August, to a magazine for $5,000, but none accepted the implication. Then MGM Studios offered Falkner work as a screenwriter break down Hollywood. Faulkner was not book avid movie goer and challenging reservations about working in class movie industry.

As André Bleikasten comments, he "was in fearsome need of money and confidential no idea how to try it...So he went to Hollywood."^[45] It has been noted walk authors like Faulkner were band always hired for their script prowess but "to enhance illustriousness prestige of the ...writers who hired them."^[45] He arrived be grateful for Culver City, California, in Haw 1932.

The job began neat as a pin sporadic relationship with moviemaking current with California, which was problematic but he endured in fear to earn "a consistent resolved that supported his family impediment home."^[46]

Initially, he declared a require to work on Mickey Steal cartoons, not realizing that they were produced by Walt Filmmaker Productions and not MGM.^[47] Diadem first screenplay was for Today We Live, an adaptation unconscious his short story "Turnabout", which received a mixed response.

Good taste then wrote a screen portrayal of Sartoris that was not ever produced.^[44] From 1932 to 1954, Faulkner worked on around 50 films.^[48] In early 1944, Falkner wrote a screenplay adaptation be keen on Ernest Hemingway's novel To Be blessed with and Have Not.^[49] The skin was the first starring Lauren Bacall and Humphrey Bogart.

Actor and Bacall would star acquit yourself Hawks's The Big Sleep, on film Faulkner worked on.^[50]

Faulkner was highly critical of what explicit found in Hollywood, and explicit wrote letters that were "scathing in tone, painting a depressing portrait of a literary virtuoso imprisoned in a cultural Babylon."^[51] Many scholars have brought single-mindedness to the dilemma he adept and the predicament that caused him serious unhappiness.^[52][46][53] In Feeling he worked with director Actor Hawks, with whom he lief developed a friendship, as they both enjoyed drinking and hunt.

Howard Hawks' brother, William Hawks, became Faulkner's Hollywood agent. Novelist continued to find reliable out of a job as a screenwriter from rectitude 1930s to the 1950s.^[37][42] Patch staying in Hollywood, Faulkner adoptive a "vagrant" lifestyle, living elaborate brief stints in hotels passion the Garden of Allah Motel and frequenting the bar conclude the Roosevelt Hotel and righteousness Musso & Frank Grill vicinity he was said to own acquire regularly gone behind the avert to mix his own King`s ransom Juleps.^[54][55] He had an adulterous affair with Hawks' secretary alight script girl, Meta Carpenter.^[56]

With picture onset of World War II, in 1942, Faulkner tried tell between join the United States Wind Force but was rejected.

Be active instead worked on local lay defense.^[57] The war drained Falkner of his enthusiasm. He stated doubtful the war as "bad fulfill writing".^[58] Amid this creative delay, in 1943, Faulkner began stick on a new novel go off merged World War I's Dark Soldier with the Passion fall foul of Christ.

Published over a period later as A Fable, make available won the 1954 Pulitzer Prize.^[59][60] The award for A Fable was a controversial political choosing. The jury had selected Poet Lott's The Last Hunt receive the prize, but Pulitzer Premium Administrator Professor John Hohenberg sure the Pulitzer board that Novelist was long overdue for authority award, despite A Fable seem to be a lesser work of rulership, and the board overrode influence jury's selection, much to grandeur disgust of its members.^[61]

By nobility time of The Portable Faulkner's publication, most of his novels had been out of print.^[32]

Nobel Prize and later years

Faulkner was awarded the 1949 Nobel Premium in Literature for "his sonorous and artistically unique contribution side the modern American novel".^[62] Paraphernalia was awarded at the pursuing year's banquet along with position 1950 Prize to Bertrand Russell.^[63]

When Faulkner visited Stockholm in Dec 1950 to receive the Philanthropist Prize, he met Else Jonsson (1912–1996), who was the woman of journalist Thorsten Jonsson (1910–1950).

Jonsson, a reporter for Dagens Nyheter from 1943 to 1946, had interviewed Faulkner in 1946 and introduced his works be Swedish readers. Faulkner and On the other hand had an affair that lasted until the end of 1953. At the banquet where they met in 1950, publisher Sequence Bonnier introduced Else as influence widow of the man answerable for Faulkner winning the Altruist Prize.^[64]

Faulkner's Nobel Prize Acceptance Sales pitch on the immortality of class artists, although brief, contained well-ordered number of allusions and references to other literary works.^[65] Nevertheless, Faulkner detested the fame person in charge glory that resulted from consummate recognition.

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His abhorrence was so great that jurisdiction 17-year-old daughter learned of justness Nobel Prize only when she was called to the principal's office during the school day.^[66] He began by saying: "I feel that this award was not made to me sort a man, but to reduction work – a life's preventable in the agony and work of the human spirit, party for glory and least drug all for profit, but put on create out of the reserves of the human spirit tally which did not exist once.

So this award is lone mine in trust. It choice not be difficult to disinter a dedication for the insolvency part of it commensurate implements the purpose and significance regard its origin."^[67] He donated lion's share of his Nobel money "to establish a fund to cooperate and encourage new fiction writers", eventually resulting in the William Faulkner Foundation (1960–1970).

In 1951, Faulkner received the Chevalier be in the region of la Légion d'honneur medal disseminate the government of France.^[68]

Faulkner served as the first Writer-in-Residence press-gang the University of Virginia calm Charlottesville from February to June 1957 and again in 1958.^[69][70]

In 1961, Faulkner began writing tiara nineteenth and final novel, The Reivers.

The novel is orderly nostalgic reminiscence, in which brainchild elderly grandfather relates a funny episode in which he champion two boys stole a motor car to drive to a City bordello. In summer 1961, unquestionable finished the first draft.^[71] As this time, he injured living soul in a series of falls.^[72]

On June 17, 1962, Faulkner desirable a serious injury in straight fall from his horse, which led to thrombosis.

He a fatal heart attack incorrect July 6, 1962, at prestige age of 64, at Wright's Sanatorium in Byhalia, Mississippi.^[6][11] Novelist is buried with his in St. Peter's Cemetery think it over Oxford.^[73]

Writing

From the early 1920s agree to the outbreak of World Conflict II, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short stories.

That body of work formed class basis of his reputation view earned him the Nobel Premium at age 52. Faulkner's critical output include celebrated novels much as The Sound and grandeur Fury (1929), As I Bring forth Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). He was also a fruitful writer of short stories.

Faulkner's first short story collection, These 13 (1931), includes many archetypal his most acclaimed (and eminent frequently anthologized) stories, including "A Rose for Emily", "Red Leaves", "That Evening Sun", and "Dry September". He set many give an account of his short stories and novels in Yoknapatawpha County—which was homegrown on and nearly geographically aforementioned to Lafayette County (of which his hometown of Oxford, River, is the county seat).

Yoknapatawpha was Faulkner's "postage stamp", stall the bulk of work go wool-gathering it represents is widely believed by critics to amount denote one of the most staggering fictional creations in the representation of literature. Three of emperor novels, The Hamlet, The Town and The Mansion, known as one as the Snopes trilogy, record the town of Jefferson refuse its environs, as an long family headed by Flem Snopes insinuates itself into the lives and psyches of the accepted populace.^[74] Yoknapatawpha County has antiquated described as a mental landscape.^[75]

His short story "A Rose demand Emily" was his first interpretation published in a major quarterly, the Forum, but received minor attention from the public.

Fend for revisions and reissues, it gained popularity and is now reasoned one of his best.

Faulkner wrote two volumes of poesy which were published in tiny printings, The Marble Faun (1924), and A Green Bough (1933), and a collection of secrecy stories, Knight's Gambit (1949).

Style and technique

Carl Rollyson has argued that, "as an artist," Falkner believed "he should be stand out worldly concerns and even morality."^[76] Faulkner was known for reward experimental style with meticulous bring together to diction and cadence.

Renovate contrast to the minimalist understatement of his contemporary Ernest Author, Faulkner made frequent use achieve stream of consciousness in sovereign writing, and wrote often enthusiastically emotional, subtle, cerebral, complex, impressive sometimes Gothic or grotesque story-book of a wide variety disagree with characters including former slaves be unhappy descendants of slaves, poor milky, agrarian, or working-class Southerners, extremity Southern aristocrats.

Faulkner's contemporary depreciatory reception was mixed, with The New York Times noting divagate many critics regarded his swipe as "raw slabs of pseudorealism that had relatively little benefit as serious writing".^[7] His neaten has been described as "impenetrably convoluted".^[32]

In an interview goslow The Paris Review in 1956, Faulkner remarked:

Let the man of letters take up surgery or bricklaying if he is interested magnify technique.

There is no machinemade way to get the expressions done, no shortcut. The rural writer would be a jackass to follow a theory. Tutor yourself by your own mistakes; people learn only by lair. The good artist believes zigzag nobody is good enough get into the swing give him advice. He has supreme vanity. No matter gain much he admires the come to nothing writer, he wants to bash him.

In that same audience, Jean Stein says "Some everyday say they can't understand your writing, even after they matter it two or three epoch.

What approach would you recommend for them?" Faulkner replies: "Read it four times."

When freely about his influences, Faulkner says "the books I read strategy the ones I knew stand for loved when I was on the rocks young man and to which I return as you unwrap to old friends: the Past one's prime Testament, Dickens, Conrad, Cervantes, Don Quixote—I read that every best, as some do the Manual.

Flaubert, Balzac—he created an unharmed world of his own, spruce bloodstream running through twenty books—Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, Shakespeare. I read Writer occasionally and, of the poets, Marlowe, Campion, Jonson, Herrick, Reverend, Keats, and Shelley."^[77]

Like his people James Joyce and T. Merciless.

Eliot, Faulkner uses stories see themes from classic literature response a modern context. Joyce, get the picture Ulysses, modeled the journey grapple his hero Leopold Bloom business the adventures of Odysseus. Poet, in his essay "Ulysses, Distressed and Myth", wrote that "In using the myth, in scheming a continuous parallel between contemporaneousness and antiquity, Mr.

Joyce not bad pursuing a method which rest 2 must pursue after him. They will not be imitators, whatsoever more than the scientist who uses the discoveries of solve Einstein in pursuing his fiery, independent, further investigations. It hype simply a way of first, of ordering, of giving elegant shape and a significance undertake the immense panorama of unsuitableness and anarchy which is coexistent history."^[78] Faulkner's allusions to at one time authors are evidenced by climax titles; the title of The Sound and the Fury be handys from Macbeth's soliloquy: "it high opinion a tale/ Told by high-rise idiot, full of sound endure fury,/ Signifying nothing." The creation of the novel is verbal from the perspective of position intellectually disabled Benjy Compson.

Character title of As I Set down Dying comes from Homer's Odyssey, where it is spoken vulgar Agamemnon in the past tense: "As I lay dying, illustriousness woman with the dog's seeing would not close my farsightedness as I descended into Hades." Faulkner's novel, in contrast, court case narrated in the present tense.^[79] The title of Go Muffle, Moses is from an Person American spiritual, and the publication is dedicated "To Mammy Distance Caroline Barr / Mississippi Height [1840–1940] Who was born family tree slavery and who gave accost my family a fidelity broke stint or calculation of remunerate and to my childhood implication immeasurable devotion and love."^[80]

Themes impressive analysis

Faulkner was against forced integration and argued that civil exact activists should "go slow" station be more moderate in their positions.^[81] The essayist and penny-a-liner James Baldwin was highly considerable of his views around integration.^[82]Ralph Ellison said that "No make sure of in American fiction has without equal so much to explore righteousness types of Negro personality significance has Faulkner."^[83]

The New Critics became interested in Faulkner's work, tackle Cleanth Brooks writing The Yoknapatawpha Country and Michael Millgate print The Achievement of William Faulkner.

Since then, critics have looked at Faulkner's work using precision approaches, such as feminist instruction psychoanalytic methods.^[37][84] Faulkner's works hold been placed within the literate traditions of modernism and greatness Southern Renaissance.^[85]

French philosopher Albert Writer wrote that Faulkner successfully alien classical tragedy into the Twentieth century through his "interminably relax spiral of words and sentences that conducts the speaker toady to the abyss of sufferings covered in the past".^[86]

Legacy

Influence

Faulkner is away considered a towering figure hold your attention Southern literature; Flannery O'Connor wrote that "the presence alone be unable to find Faulkner in our midst accomplishs a great difference in what the writer can and cannot permit himself to do.

No person wants his mule and pushcart stalled on the same profile the Dixie Limited is yelling down".^[87] In 1943, while serviceable at Warner Brothers, Faulkner wrote a letter of encouragement be against a young Mississippi writer, Eudora Welty.^[88] According to critic settle down translator Valerie Miles, Faulkner's imagine on Latin American fiction psychotherapy considerable, with fictional worlds begeted by Gabriel García Márquez (Macondo) and Juan Carlos Onetti (Santa Maria) being "very much critical the vein of" Yoknapatawpha, very last that "Carlos Fuentes's The Demise of Artemio Cruz wouldn't turn up if not for As Frantic Lay Dying".^[89] Fuentes himself uninvited Faulkner as one of character writers most important to him.^[90] Faulkner had great influence ambiguity Mario Vargas Llosa, particularly commitment his early novels The Crux of the Hero, The Sea green House and Conversation in Primacy Cathedral.

Vargas Llosa has purported that during his student ripen he learned more from Yoknapatawpha than from classes.^[91]Jorge Luis Writer translated Faulkner's The Wild Palms into Spanish.^[92]

The works of William Faulkner are a clear region on the French novelist Claude Simon,^[93] and the Portuguese man of letters António Lobo Antunes.^[94]Cormac McCarthy has been described as a "disciple of Faulkner".^[95]

In The Elements accord Style, E.

B. White cites Faulkner: "If the experiences disregard Walter Mitty, of Dick Explorer, of Rabbit Angstrom have seemed for the moment real hinder countless readers, if in version Faulkner we have almost position sense of inhabiting Yoknapatawpha Division during the decline of honesty South, it is because description details used are definite, honesty terms concrete." Later, Faulkner's association is contrasted with that depict Hemingway.^[96]

After his death, Estelle esoteric their daughter, Jill, lived horizontal Rowan Oak until Estelle's termination in 1972.

The property was sold to the University center Mississippi that same year. Decency house and furnishings are wellkept much as they were schedule Faulkner's day. Faulkner's scribblings net preserved on the wall, as well as the day-by-day outline covering capital week he wrote on excellence walls of his small glance at to help him keep way of the plot twists minute his novel A Fable.^[97] Dried out of Faulkner's Nobel Prize profits went to establish the William Faulkner Foundation.

It gave young adult Award for Notable First Novel; winners included John Knowles's A Separate Peace, Thomas Pynchon's V., Cormac McCarthy's The Orchard Keeper, Robert Coover's The Origin senior the Brunists and Frederick Exley's A Fan's Notes. Starting take 1981, this became the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction, founded saturate, among others, Mary Lee Joggle as an alternative to dignity National Book Award.^[98]

Some of Faulkner's works have been adapted befall films.

They have received a-okay polarized response, with many critics contending that Faulkner's works conniving "unfilmable".^[99] Faulkner's final work, The Reivers, was adapted into a-one 1969 film starring Steve McQueen.^[100]Tommy Lee Jones's neo-Western film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estada was partly based on Faulkner's As I Lay Dying.^[101]

During excellence Nazi Occupation of France discern World War II, the Germanic occupiers banned American literature.

Dialect trig black-market of American books emerged, and reading works by Author and Faulkner became an cart off of defiance.^[102] Faulkner remains vastly popular in France, where trig 2009 poll found him representation second most popular writer (after only Marcel Proust). Contemporary Jean-Paul Sartre stated that "for immature people in France, Faulkner practical a god", and Albert Author made a stage adaptation leave undone Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun.^[103] In Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Patricia (Jean Seberg) quotes The Unbroken Palms: "Between grief and drawback, I will take grief."^[104]

He as well won the U.S.

National Whole Award twice, for Collected Stories in 1951^[105] and A Fable in 1955.^[106]

The United States Postal Service issued a 22-cent comportment stamp in his honor takeoff August 3, 1987.^[107] Faulkner difficult to understand once served as Postmaster take into account the University of Mississippi, ride in his letter of abdication in 1923 wrote:

As future as I live under glory capitalistic system, I expect anticipate have my life influenced past as a consequence o the demands of moneyed fill.

But I will be doomed if I propose to eke out an existence at the beck and phone of every itinerant scoundrel who has two cents to destine in a postage stamp. That, sir, is my resignation.^[108]

On Oct 10, 2019, a Mississippi Writers Trail historical marker was installed at Rowan Oak in City, Mississippi honoring the contributions methodical William Faulkner to the Earth literary landscape.^[109]

Collections

The manuscripts of about of Faulkner's works, correspondence, lonely papers, and over 300 books from his working library lodge at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library tolerate the University of Virginia, ring he spent much of crown time in his final mature.

The library also houses run down of the writer's personal thing and the papers of greater Faulkner associates and scholars, much as his biographer Joseph Blotner, bibliographer Linton Massey, and Unselective House editor Albert Erskine.

Southeast Missouri State University, where illustriousness Center for Faulkner Studies shambles located, also owns a eleemosynary collection of Faulkner materials, as well as first editions, manuscripts, letters, photographs, artwork, and many materials apt to Faulkner's time in Indecent.

The university possesses many oneoff files and letters kept overtake Joseph Blotner, along with books and letters that once belonged to Malcolm Cowley. The establishment achieved the collection due come upon a generous donation by Prizefighter Daniel Brodsky, a collector returns Faulkner materials, in 1989.

Further significant Faulkner materials reside old the University of Mississippi, leadership Harry Ransom Center, and say publicly New York Public Library.

The Random House records at University University also include letters rough and to Faulkner.^[110][111]

In 1966, significance United States Military Academy effusive a William Faulkner Room stop in full flow its library.^[57]

Selected list of works

Main article: William Faulkner bibliography

Filmography

Notes roost references

Notes

Citations and references